A&P 2 - Exam 2 (Blood vessels, lymphatic, Immunity and Respiratory)

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

arteries, capillaries and veins

As the heart contracts, it forces blood into the large _____ leaving the ventricles

arteries (carry blood AWAY from the heart)

Blood travels from the large arteries, to smaller arteries eventually reaching the smallest branches called ____?

arterioles

What do the arterioles feed into?

the capillary beds of body organs and tissues

From the capillaries, blood drains into?

Venules, which get larger and larger to form the large veins that eventually empty into the heart. (AKA VENULES CONNECT CAPILLARIES TO VEINS)

Contrast to arteries, veins carry blood _____ the heart

TOWARD!

In the systemic circulation, arteries always carry oxygenated blood and veins always carry oxygen poor blood with the exception of?

Pulmonary circulation. Here the arteries carry oxygen poor blood AWAY from the heart to the lungs and the veins carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

Out of all the blood vessels, only what has intimate contact with tissue cells and directly serves cellular needs? Are therefore are the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues?

capillaries!!

The growth of new blood cells is called?

Angiogenesis

The small blood vessels within the tunica externa of a blood vessel, that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins.

Vaso vasorum (vessel of the vessel)

What is the central blood containing space in a blood vessel?

the lumen

From inner to outer, what are the 3 distinct layers of blood vessels?

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa

The important functional properties of arteries that are maintained in the tunica media are?

elasticity and contractility.

Why is the tunica media the bulkiest in arteries?

Bc they bare the chief responsibility for maintaining blood pressure and circulation

Why is elasticity important?

the elastic tissue in the tunica intima and media allows arteries to accept blood under great pressure from the contraction of the ventricles and to send it through the system

Why is contractility important?

due to smooth muscle in the tunica media, allows arteries to increase (vasodilation) or decrease (vasoconstriction) lumen size and to limit bleeding from wounds.

Large arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle that are able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward are called?

Elastic arteries. (aka conducting arteries)

What type of arteries have a lot of smooth muscle in their walls and distribute blood to various parts of the body?

muscular arteries

The flow of blood through the capillaries is called?

microcirculation.

What connects arterioles and venules?

capillaries

What causes varicose vein?

Incompetent (leaky) valves

What is anastomoses?

the union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same region. Provide alternate pathways for blood to each a given body region if one is cut offer blocked by a clot (can be two veins or a vein and an artery)

Arteries that do not anastomose are known as?

end arteries

How do substances enter and leave the capillaries?

By diffusion, trancytosis and bulk flow (filtration and absorption)

What is the most important method of capillary exchange?

simple diffusion

Blood Flow =

Cardiac Output. At rest relatively constant. But at any given moment may very widely through individual body organs according to their immediate needs

Name 5 factors that affect blood pressure:

1. cardiac output

2. blood volume

3. viscosity (thickness or stickiness of a fluid)

4. resistance (friction blood encounters passing thru vessels)

5. elasticity of arteries

What is blood pressure?

pressure exerted on the walls of a blood vessel

What is the pressure of blood by the time it circles around an reenters the right atrium?

0 mmHg

What are important pressure sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the atria?

baroreceptors

What is concerned with maintaining normal blood pressure in the brain and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinus?

cardiac sinus reflex

What is concerned with general blood pressure and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the arch of the aorta or attached to the arch?

aortic reflex

Receptors sensitive to chemicals are called chemoreceptors. They are located close to baroreceptors where? AND what do they do?

in the carotid sinus and arch of aorta. They monitor the blood for levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration

What is pulse?

the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery wall with each heartbeat.

What is a normal resting pulse (heart rate)?

between 70 to 80 beats per minute

A rapid resting heart rate or pulse rate of greater than 100 beats/min is called?

Tachycardia

A slow resting heart rate or pulse of under 60 beats/min is called?

Bradycardia

What is an inadequate cardiac output who's failed delivery of O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs of body cells results in cellular membrane dysfunction, abnormal cellular metabolism and eventually cellular death of not treated properly?

Shock

Type of shock caused by decreased blood volume?

hypovolemic

Type of shock due to poor heart function?

cardiogenic

Type of shock due to inappropriate vasodilation?

vascular shock

Type of shock caused by obstruction of blood flow?

obstructive shock

What do blood vessels and blood cells develop from?

hemangioblasts

Persistently high blood pressure is called?

hypertension (140 or above/90 and above)

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The ability to ward off pathogens that produce disease is called?

resistance

Lack of resistance is called?

susceptibility

What are the two broad areas that resistance to a disease can be grouped into?

nonspecific resistance and immunity

Defense mechanisms that provide general protection against invasion from a wide range of pathogens?

nonspecific immunity

Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance?

immunity

What is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system?

The thoracic duct.

What is the cistern chyli?

a dilation the thoracic duct begins as

Where does the thoracic duct receive lymph?

the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left upper extremity and the entire body below the ribs

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into venous blood?

the left subclavian vein

Where does lymph from the upper right side of the body drain?

From the right lymphatic duct into the right subclavian vein. (everything else in body goes through thoracic duct)

What are the two primary lymphatic organs?

red bone marrow and the thymus gland that produces B and T cells

What are the two secondary lymphatic organs?

lymph nodes and spleen

Where do most immune responses occur?

in secondary lymphatic organs

Where is the thymus gland located?

between the sternum and the heart

What is the thymus glands function in immunity?

site of T cell maturation

What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

the spleen

Lymphocytes, the main warriors of the immune system, arise from where?

red bone marrow

What are the two main varieties of mature lymphocytes?

T cells and B cells

Which lymphocytes directly attack and destroy antigens in blood?

T lymphocytes (cells)

What are antigens?

Anything that evokes an immune response (bacteria and their toxins, viruses, mismatched RBCs or cancer cells

How do B lymphocytes protect the body?

By producing plasma cells that secrete antibodies in the blood.

What do antibodies do?

mart antigens for destruction by phagocytes or other means

What are oval shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue?

lymphatic nodules

Where are lymph nodes located?

throughout the lamina propr. of mucous membranes lining the GI tract, respiratory airways, urinary tract and reproductive tract (know these 4 locations!)

What are lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine called?

Peyer's Patches

What are large lymphatic nodules embedded in a mucous membrane at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx called?

tonsils

What are the 4 characteristics of inflammation?

redness, pain, heat and swelling

Depending on the site and extent of the injury, what may be a 5th characteristic of inflammation?

loss of function

What type of T cell is programmed to recognize the original invading antigen and then later allows for a much swifter reaction should the pathogen invade the body again at a later date?

Memory T cells

Based on chemistry and structure, what 5 principal classes are antibodies grouped into?

IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

1. Anaphylaxis (most common and occur w/in a few mins.) Results from interaction of allergens w/ IgE antibodies

2. Cytotoxic (caused by antibodies G and M and are directed against a person's blood cells or tissue cells

3. Immune Complex (caused by A or M and are not part of a host tissue cell)

4. Cell-mediated (DELAYED hypersensitivity reactions. 12-72 hrs after exposure)

Name the 6 features that make up the respiratory system:

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

What does the upper respiratory system refer to?

the nose, pharynx, and associated structures

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the?

nasal cavity

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left sides by?

the nasal septum

*What structure is called the voice box?

the larynx

The larynx is a passageway that connects what two structures?

the pharyx and the trachea

What pharynx is a muscular tube lined by a mucuous membrane and is also know as the?

throat

The larynx contains the thyroid cartilage (the adams apples) and the epiglottis which...?

prevents food from entering the larynx

What structure, known as the windpipe, extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

the trachea

What is the trachea composed of?

smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage and is lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (the cartilage rings keep the airway open)

Where are the lungs and what are they enclosed in and protected by?

located in the thoracic cavity and protected by the pleural membrane

What is the outer layer of the lungs which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity?

parietal pleura

What is the inner layer that covers the lungs themselves?

the visceral pleura

What is the small potential space between the pleurae which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes?

the pleural cavity

What is meant by the terms pneumothorax or hemothorax?

that the pleural cavities may fill with air or blood

T or F. A pneumothorax may cause a partial or complete collapse of the lung

True

The right lung has three lobes separated by?

two fissures

The left lung has two lobes separated by?

one fissure and a depression called the cardiac notch

Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps alveolar cells moist and which contains a really important component called?

surfactant. Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents the collapse of alveoli with each expiration

What 3 basic steps does respiration occur in? (PV, ER, IR)

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing; air in and out of lungs)

2. External respiration (O2 diffuses from lungs to blood, and CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs)

3. Internal respiration (O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells, CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood)

Refers to suspension of breathing:

apnea

Relates to painful or difficult breathing

dyspnea

involves rapid breathing rate

tachypnea