cranial nerves - primitive reflexes - spinal cord injury

CN I

Olfactory

smell ( sensory)

Test: identify odor

CN II

Optic

sight ( sensory)

Test: eye chart

CN III

Oculomotor

Moves the eye ( motor)

Test: eye movement up, down, and pupil reaction to light

CN IV

Trochlear

Eye movement ( motor)

Test: downward and inward gaze

CN V

Trigeminal

Sensation of the face, taste on the anterior tongue, muscles of mastication ( sensory and motor)

Test: sensation of the face, clench teeth, and push down on the chin to separate the jaw

CN VI

Abducens

Abducts eyes ( motor)

Test: look laterally

CN VII

Facial

Taste anterior tongue, facial muscles ( sensory and motor)

Test: close eyes tightly, smile, and show teeth. identify taste

CN VIII

Vestibulococlear

Hearing (sensory)

Test: hearing test

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal

Taste on the posterior tongue; muscles of the pharynx ( sensory and motor)

Test: Gag reflex, ability to swallow

CN X

Vagus

Taste, muscles of the palate and pharynx. ( sensory and motor)

Test: gag reflex, ability to swallow, and say AHHHH

CN XI

Accessory

Muscles: sternocleidomastoid and traps ( motor)

Test: Shrug MMT

CN XII

Hypoglossal

Muscle of the tongue (motor)

Test to protrude the tongue; if the tongue deviates to the injured side

At what age should an infant begin to sit with hand support for an extended period of time?

6-7 months

Posterior cord syndrome

Rare, incomplete spinal cord injury characterized by damage to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

Loss of proprioception, two-point discrimination, stereognosis, and vibration

MOTOR function is spared

Brown-Sequard’s syndrome

Incomplete lesion caused by a stab wound

Cauda Equina

Injury that occurs below L1. It is considered a peripheral nerve injury

Symptoms: flaccidity, areflexia, and impairment of bowel and bladder