Human AP I (Lecture): Exam 2, Skeletal

What is a foramen?

A rounded passageway for the passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

What prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints?

Articular cartilage.

What is a comminuted fracture?

A fracture that produces shattered bone fragments.

What are the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape?

Flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, short.

What is the correct order of fracture repair steps?

1. Extensive bleeding occurs. 2. Hematoma is formed to close off blood flow. 3. An internal callus forms from a network of spongy bone. 4. Osteoblasts replace the central cartilage of the callus. 5. Remodeling continues by osteoblasts and osteoclasts leaving little evidence of the break.

What is the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

In endochondral ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops from mesenchymal cells.

What are the functions of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts?

Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix.

What happens when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone?

Long bones have reached their adult length.

What process is shown during secondary ossification?

The process of bone formation that occurs after primary ossification.

Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium levels?

Skeletal system, digestive system, urinary system.

What does the medullary cavity of long bones contain?

The medullary cavity contains red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

Why is the elbow joint extremely stable?

The ulna and humerus interlock.

What is the rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip called?

Acetabular labrum.

Which type of synovial joint permits the greatest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket joint.

What is a joint range of motion (ROM)?

Range of motion is the amount of movement at a joint.

What is true for parathyroid hormone?

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblast activity.

Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished?

Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.

Which ligament is not associated with the hip joint?

Anterior cruciate ligament.

Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints?

Covered by a serous membrane.

What best describes osteoporosis?

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.

Increased bone formation due to excessive collagen deposition

This condition is known as osteopetrosis, characterized by abnormally dense bones due to excessive deposition of collagen.

Softening of bones caused by vitamin D deficiency

This condition is called osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children, leading to weak and soft bones.

Loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration leading to fragile bones

This condition is known as osteoporosis, which increases the risk of fractures.

Overproduction of growth hormone causing thickened bones

This condition is known as acromegaly, occurring after the epiphyseal plates have closed.

Accumulation of urate crystals within joint spaces

This condition is known as gout, which causes inflammation and pain in the joints.

Marfan syndrome is primarily caused by a defect in

Marfan syndrome is primarily caused by a defect in connective tissue affecting elastic fibers.

Identify the structure at label '1' in the figure.

The structure is likely to be the meniscus, which is a cartilage structure in the knee joint.

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

Increasing osmotic pressure within the joint is not a function of synovial fluid.

subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.

Menisci subdivide synovial cavities and channel the flow of synovial fluid.

A joint that permits only flexion and extension is a joint.

A hinge joint permits only flexion and extension.

Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction?

Spreading the fingers is a good example of abduction.

Nodding your head 'yes' is an example of

Nodding your head 'yes' is an example of flexion and extension.

Why are ribs 11 and 12 called floating ribs?

They are called floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

What purposes do fontanelles serve?

Fontanelles permit flexibility of the skull during childbirth and allow room for the brain to enlarge during infancy and early childhood.

Describe the functions of the facial bones.

The facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts and provide a site of attachment for muscles of facial expression.

As you proceed from the head down the vertebral column,

The vertebrae become larger and heavier.

Which bone of the forearm is positioned laterally when in the anatomical position?

The radius is positioned laterally when in the anatomical position.

Which of the following statements is false?

The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint is a false statement.

Name the bones of the pectoral girdles.

The bones of the pectoral girdles are the scapula and clavicle.

Which condition results from overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates close?

Acromegaly results from overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates close.

As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity?

The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoclasts.

What is the correct order for the events in endochondral ossification?

The correct order is 1, 3, 5, 4, 2.

Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a shoulder injury?

Baseball pitchers are at greatest risk of developing a shoulder injury.

How are vertebrosternal ribs distinguished from vertebrochondral ribs?

Vertebrosternal ribs are connected to the sternum by individual costal cartilages, whereas vertebrochondral ribs are connected to the sternum by shared costal cartilages.

Which of the following statements about a herniated intervertebral disk is correct?

The nucleus pulposus pushes through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, often compressing spinal nerves.