Evolution of Nursing: Introduction to Nursing Theory

Practice flashcards in Q&A style based on the lecture notes covering the history, eras, metaparadigm, and significance of nursing theory.

Where did Florence Nightingale organize and care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War?

Scutari

Where did Florence Nightingale establish the first School of Nursing?

St. Thomas' Hospital in London

What was Florence Nightingale's core focus regarding patient care?

Caring for the person and their environment to put the patient in the best condition for nature to heal them.

Why was nursing considered a 'vocation' rather than a profession during the 100-year gap following Nightingale's vision?

Practice relied on apprenticeship models, traditions, and hospital manuals rather than science.

What was the major question driving the Curriculum Era (1900-1940s)?

What content should nurses study?

What milestone was reached for diploma nursing programs by the mid-1930s?

A standardized curriculum was published.

What major question was addressed during the Research Era (1950s-1970s)?

What is the focus for nursing research?

What did a review of Nursing Research in the 1970s reveal about nursing studies?

Studies lacked theoretical frameworks and produced isolated information rather than systematic knowledge.

What was the major question driving the Graduate Education Era (1950s-1970s)?

What knowledge is needed for the practice of nursing?

What was the outcome of the 1960s-1970s debate regarding the basis of nursing knowledge?

Nursing practice must be based on nursing knowledge.

What major question was asked during the Theory Era (1980s-1990s)?

How do these frameworks guide research and practice?

Who organized existing nursing theoretical frameworks into four global concepts in the 1980s?

Jacqueline Fawcett

What are the four foundational concepts of the nursing metaparadigm?

Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing

How is 'Person' defined in the nursing metaparadigm?

The recipient of care.

How is 'Environment' defined in the nursing metaparadigm?

Internal and external contexts.

How is 'Health' defined in the nursing metaparadigm?

Dynamic state of well-being or illness.

How is 'Nursing' defined in the nursing metaparadigm?

Actions and attributes of the practitioner.

What type of theories are developed in the Theory Utilization Era (21st Century) to produce evidence for practice?

Middle-range theories

How is a discipline distinguished from a profession in nursing?

A discipline is specific to academia and represents a domain/specialized body of knowledge, whereas a profession is a specialized field of practice applying that theoretical knowledge.

According to Thomas Kuhn (1970), what is the benefit of studying paradigms?

Studying paradigms prepares students for the scientific community.

Who established seven criteria for a profession in 1959?

Bixler & Bixler

What are the three steps in the Cycle of Knowledge Generation connecting theory and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

1. Theory Guides Research, 2. Research Becomes Evidence, 3. Evidence Improves Practice.