IB History Review Flashcards

A set of flashcards covering key concepts, events, and figures from the IB History topics discussed in class.

What was the dominant system in medieval Europe from the 9th century onwards?

Feudalism became the dominant system in medieval Europe.

What did feudalism replace in Europe after the Treaty of Verdun in 843?

Feudalism replaced the centralized structures of the Carolingian Empire.

Who controlled territories and demanded loyalty in the feudal system?

Local lords controlled territories and demanded loyalty from their vassals.

What social classes were stratified in feudal society?

Nobles, clergy, knights, and serfs were the main social classes.

What document exemplified attempts to curb feudal abuses and balance power?

The Magna Carta (1215) exemplified these attempts.

How did the Black Death impact the labor market in Europe?

The Black Death created labor shortages, leading survivors to demand higher wages.

What effects did the Black Death have on agriculture in Europe?

A shift from grain cultivation to sheep farming occurred, as the value of labor rose.

What role did the samurai class play in feudal Japan?

The samurai class replaced aristocrats as the ruling elite in Japan.

What marked the beginning of samurai-dominated governance in Japan?

The establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate (1185) marked this beginning.

What was a social implication of feudalism in Japan?

The rise of the samurai class and the less rigid relationship between samurai and commoners.

What was the impact of the Black Death on social hierarchies in Europe?

The Black Death led to a breakdown of traditional social hierarchies.

What cultural shifts occurred in Europe following the Black Death?

A preoccupation with mortality emerged in art and literature.

How did the church's authority change due to the Black Death?

The church faced a crisis of faith due to its inability to explain or prevent the plague.

What natural disaster underscored the vulnerability of the Japanese peasantry?

The smallpox epidemic (735-737) severely impacted agricultural productivity.

How did Buddhism influence state power in Japan?

Buddhism was used by emperors to legitimize governance and control the population.

What role did Hildegard of Bingen play in medieval Europe?

Hildegard was a mystic, composer, and advocate for women's education in the church.

Who was Licoricia of Winchester?

A Jewish moneylender in 13th-century England, influential in financing significant projects.

What is the significance of Lady Murasaki Shikibu in Japanese literature?

She wrote The Tale of Genji, regarded as one of the world's first novels.

In what period did the Edo period influence the roles of women in Japan?

The Edo period saw strict gender hierarchies influenced by Neo-Confucian values.

How did trade dynamics in Japan change during the Kamakura period?

Trade became more privatized under emerging samurai and feudal systems.

What event combined to cement the status of merchant classes in Japan?

The emergence of merchant networks facilitated trade between shōen estates.

What was a key technological advancement that developed from European contact in Japan?

The introduction of firearms changed military strategies during the Warring States period.

What was the impact of the printing press on Renaissance intellectual culture?

It allowed for the mass dissemination of humanist ideas and changed access to education.

Who was Martin Luther and what was his impact on religious thought?

Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation; his ideas challenged church doctrine.

What does the term 'Weltpolitik' refer to in the context of German foreign policy?

Weltpolitik refers to Germany's aggressive foreign policy aimed at global power status.

What was a long-term outcome of the Crusades concerning Muslim relations?

The Crusades established a lasting ideological hostility towards Muslims in Europe.

What primary agricultural transformation occurred due to the Black Death?

A shift from grain cultivation to sheep farming occurred during and after the Black Death.

What literary techniques did Renaissance artists employ?

They used linear perspective to provide depth and realism in their artwork.

What was the first major work printed using movable type?

The Gutenberg Bible, printed in 1455.

What was the primary reason for the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492?

The expulsion aimed to enforce religious uniformity under Catholic rule.

What caused the Ottoman Empire to be viewed as the 'Sick Man of Europe'?

The Ottoman Empire's decline created instability in the Balkans.

Who were the two leading figures in the Venetian Renaissance?

Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Dürer were significant in Northern Renaissance art.

What was a significant economic factor behind Italy's Renaissance?

Italy's trade wealth and banking systems funded the arts and intellectual pursuits.

How did the introduction of firearms in Japan influence military hierarchy?

The use of firearms allowed non-aristocratic foot soldiers to become crucial in warfare.

In which city were the most famous Italian Renaissance artworks commissioned?

Florence was a major center for Renaissance art commissioning.

Who was the key patron of the Italian Renaissance known for supporting artists like Michelangelo?

Lorenzo de Medici was a significant patron of the arts during the Renaissance.

How did the Protestant Reformation change European politics?

The Reformation led to the decline of papal power and the rise of state-controlled religions.

What were the implications of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany after World War I?

The Treaty deemed Germany responsible for the war and imposed heavy reparations.

What was the impact of European colonial policies on global trade dynamics?

Colonial policies created dependencies and shifted economic power towards industrial nations.

What major socio-economic change took place for women during World War I in Germany?

Women's workforce participation increased dramatically due to labor shortages.

What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?

To enforce Catholic orthodoxy by targeting heretics and non-Christians.

How did the Japanese respond to the introduction of Portuguese firearms?

The Japanese rapidly adopted and improved upon Portuguese firearms technology.

What was one result of Martin Luther's translation of the Bible into German?

It empowered people to interpret scriptures independently, challenging clerical authority.

What did the Massacre of Jews in the Rhineland (1096) signify?

It indicated the violent intersection of crusader zeal and anti-Semitic hostility.

How did the Ottoman Empire's expansion affect European relations during the Crusades?

It triggered the ideation of Muslims as the ideological enemy in Christendom.

In what way did the Renaissance influence the modern political thought?

Renaissance thinkers like Machiavelli pioneered the concept of political realism.

What was the significance of the Great Schism (1378–1417)?

It divided the Catholic Church and diminished its authority, fueling religious discord.

What ideological theme was prevalent in European artworks during the Renaissance?

A focus on humanism, celebrating human experience and emotions over purely religious themes.