US History - Study Guide

The series of attempts by Christian armies to retake the Holy Lands from Muslims was known as _____.

a. the Reconquista

b. the Silk Road

c. the Crusades

d. the Black Death

the Crusades

Which of the following does NOT describe a form of slavery traditionally practiced in Africa?

a. a system in which people are treated as chattel - that is, as personal property to be bought and sold

b. a system in which people are enslaved permanently on account of their race

c. a system in which those in need of supplies or protection give themselves in servitude

d. a system in which debtors repay those whom they owe by giving themselves in servitude

a system in which people are enslaved permanently on account of their race

Which culture developed the first writing system in the Western Hemisphere?

a. Pueblo

b. Inca

c. Maya

d. Olmec

Olmec

Who reached Canada 500 years before Columbus sailed?

a. Norse explorers

b. Portuguese explorers

c. Moroccan explorers

d. Swiss explorers

Norse explorers

What was the location of the largest mound-building culture in early North America?

a. Etowah

b. Pueblo

c. Moundville

d. Cahokia

Cahokia

Who did European Christians persecute because they were labeled as “killers of Christ”?

a. Native Americans

b. Muslims

c. Jews

d. Serf

Jews

Which of the following Native peoples built homes in cliff dwellings that still exist?

a. Inca

b. Cherokee

c. Aztec

d. Anasazi

Anasazi

Why were West Africans preferred over the native people of the Americas for enslaved labor?

a. They were not as likely to start revolts against the slaveholders

b. They were more able to resist the diseases that had affected the native people

c. They were better accustomed to sharp changes in culture

They were more able to resist the diseases that had affected the native people

Which culture developed a road system rivaling that of the Romans?

a. Anasazi

b. Inca

c. Olmec

d. Cherokee

Inca

What was Beringia?

a. floating Aztec gardens

b. a series of military expeditions made by Christian Europeans to recover the Holy land from the Muslims

c. a social arrangement in which serfs and knights provided labor and military service to noble lords, receiving protection and land use in return

d. an ancient land bridge linking Asia and North America

an ancient land bridge linking Asia and North America

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of French exploration in the Americas?

a. exploration was funded by joint stock companies

b. established outposts for fur trade

c. explored farther inland in the Americas than other European countries

d. establishment of alliances with native peoples

exploration was funded by joint stock companies

What was the chief goal of the Puritans?

a. to create a hierarchy within the Church of England modeled on that of the Catholic Church

b. to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

c. to achieve a lasting peace within the Catholic nations of Spain and France

d. to assist Henry VII in his quest for an annulment to his marriage

to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Who was responsible for the first English publication for the Bible in 1526?

a. King Henry VII

b. William Tyndale

c. Martin Luther

d. John Calvin

William Tyndale

What was the first permanent English colony in the Americas?

a. Roanoke

b. Jamestown

c. Plymouth

d. The Massachusetts Bay Colony

Jamestown

Which of the following best describes the Columbian Exchange?

a. the way in which explorers exchanged information about new lands to conquer

b. an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

c. the letters Columbus and other conquistadors exchanged with the Spanish crown

d. a form of trade between the Spanish and natives

an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

Why didn’t England make stronger attempts to colonize the New World before the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century?

a. The English crown refused to fund colonial expeditions

b. The English military was occupied in battling for control of New Netherlands

c. The English monarch did not want to declare war on Spain by attempting to colonize the Americas

d. English attention was turned to internal struggles and the encroaching Catholic menace to Scotland and Ireland

English attention was turned to internal struggles and the encroaching Catholic menace to Scotland and Ireland

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas establish?

a. the first Spanish colony in the Americas

b. a trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

c. a division of land in the Americas between Spain and Portugal

d. slavery in Portuguese colonies

a division of land in the Americas between Spain and Portugal

What was the initial cash crop of the Americas tat fueled the slave trade?

a. tobacco

b. apples

c. rice

d. sugar

sugar

Which of the following most drove the governments of European nations in colonizing the Americas?

a. economic opportunity

b. competition with one another

c. political liberty

d. religious liberty

competition with one another

Which country established the first colonies in the Americas?

a. Spain

b. Portugal

c. England

d. the Netherlands

Spain

Why did the Spanish build Castillo de San Marcos?

a. as a seat for visiting Spanish royalty

b. to house visiting delegates from rival imperial powers

c. to defend against imperial challenges

d. to protect the local Timucua

to defend against imperial challenges

Which native people did the French colonists align themselves with - the French counted on them for survival and game them firearms in return?

a. the Algonquians

b. the Iroquois

c. the Ticumua

d. the Pueblo

the Algonquians

The founders of Plymouth Colony were :

a. Jesuits

b. Anglicans

c. Puritans

d. Catholics

Puritans

Which of the following was a goal of the Spanish in their destruction of Fort Caroline?

a. locating a site for the establishment of Santa Fe

b. reducing the threat of French privateers

c. establishing a foothold from which to battle the Timucua

d. claiming a safe place to house the New World treasurers that would be shipped to Spain

reducing the threat of French privateers

Which native people were successful in driving out the Spanish from their territory foe over a decade?

a. Apache

b. Pueblo

c. Timucua

d. Susquahannock

Pueblo

Which colony was established by a banished Puritan with the purpose of having a place with religious tolerance for others?

a. Connecticut Colony

b. Plymouth

c. Massachusetts Bay Colony

d. Rhode Island

Rhode Island

What was patroonship?

a. a Dutch ship used for transporting beaver furs

b. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherlands to encourage colonization

c. a Dutch style of hat trimmed with beaver fur from New Netherlands\

d. a Dutch style of patronage that encouraged the arts

a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherlands to encourage colonization

What role did rulers in kingdoms of West Africa play in the slave trade?

a. Established maroon communities where escaped slaves could return to live in Africa

b. Oversaw the transporting of slaves to the slave markets in America

c. Oversaw raids of neighboring kingdoms to capture people to sell into slavery

d. Established forts to defend the coasts from European slave traders

Oversaw raids neighboring kingdoms to capture people to sell into slavery

What scientific field came about as a result of the need for Europeans to study previously known plants?

a. Botony

b. Zoology

c. Biology

d. Herbology

Botony

What was the primary cause of Bacon’s Rebellion?

a. Jamestown politicians were jockeying for power

b. Enslaved Africans wanted better treatment

c. Susquahannock Natives wanted the Jamestown settlers to pay a fair price for their land

d. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory

former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory

Who were the main combatants in the French and Indian War?

a. France against Native Americans

b. Great Britain against Native Americans

c. Great Britain against France and her Native American allies

d. Great Britain against France

Great Britain against France and her Native American allies

What was the predominant religion in Pennsylvania?

a. Catholicisim

b. Puritanism

c. Quakerism

d. Congregationalism

Quakerism

Which Great Awakening minister is best known for his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?

a. Jonathan Edwards

b. Voltaire

c. John Locke

d. George Whitefield

Jonathan Edwards

What was the Dominion of New England?

a. James II’s overthrow of the New England colonial governments

b. Governor Edmund Andros’s colonial government in New York

c. the excise taxes New England colonists had to pay to James II

d. the consolidated New England colony James II created

the consolidated New England colony James II created

Which of the following is not a tenet of the Enlightenment?

a. atheism

b. empiricism

c. progressivism

d. rationalism

atheism

Which of the following was not a tenet of the 1689 British Bill of Rights?

a. Established a Constitutional Monarchy

b. Guaranteed certain rights to all English subjects

c. Institutionalizes slavery in the British colonies

d. Protected the rights of Parliament

Institutionalizes slavery in the British colonies

Who was the primary leader of Great Britain during the English interregnum?

a. William Pitt

b. William Penn

c. Oliver Cromwell

d. Charles II

Oliver Cromwell

The Negro Act of 1740 was a reaction to _______.

a. the Stono Rebellion

b. fears of a slave conspiracy in the setting of thirteen fires in New York City

c. the Royal African Company’s monopoly

d. the growing power of maroon communities

the Stono Rebellion

Which widely circulated writings both emphasized the glories of English liberties and warned its readers to be on the look out for leaders that would attempt to take away those liberties?

a. Pamphlets of the Consumer Revolution

b. Early American novels

c. The Philadelphia Gazette

d. Cato’s Letters

Cato’s Letters

Which of the following represents a concern that those in England and her colonies maintained about James II?

a. that he would institute a Catholic absolute monarchy

b. that he would advocate for Parliament’s independence from the monarchy

c. that he would promote the spread of Protestantism

d. that he would reduce the size of the British army and navy

that he would institute a Catholic absolute monarchy

What was the name of the declaration that the colonists sent to England in response to the Stamp Act?

a. Declaration of Independence

b. Declaration of Issues

c. Declaration of the Massachusetts Assembly

d. Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

In the First Continental Congress, how many colonies were represented?

a. 10

b. 9

c. 12

d. 13

12

Which of the following was a cause of the British National debt in 1763?

a. drought in Great Britain

b. the French and Indian War

c. the Revolutionary War

d. None of the above

the French and Indian War

Who formed the Committee of Correspondence?

a. Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and James Otis

b. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison

c. Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson

d. John Hancock and Robert E. Lee

Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and James Otis

Which colony provided the basis for the Declarations and Resolves?

a. Philadelphia

b. Rhode Island

c. New York

d. Massachusetts

Massachusetts

What was the saying for the colonists, when the British government would place taxes on the colonies?

a. “No taxation without representation”

b. “Taxing is tyranny”

c. “Start a revolution”

d. “Don’t trust the King'“

“No taxation without representation”

With the Currency Act of 1764 the colonies could no longer _____.

a. Make additional paper money

b. Pay British merchants with paper money

c. Trade with paper money

d. All of the above

All of the above

How did Parliament describe its relationship with the colonies?

a. A 50/50 partnership

b. The colonists were independent from Britain

c. The colonists were dependent on the British government and they were not equal

d. They were best friends

The colonists were dependent on the British government and they were not equal

What is the Quartering Act?

a. Only quarters can be used as payment

b. British soldiers must be provided a place to stay in the colonies

c. Colonists who purchased anything printed on paper had to buy a stamp

d. Taxes placed on imported goods

British soldiers must be provided a place to stay in the colonies

On March 5, 1770, what major event took place?

a. The shot heard around the world (the start of the Revolutionary War)

b. Boston Massacre

c. The first colony was formed

d. George Washington became president

Boston Massacre

What is Beringia?

an ancient land bridge linking Asia and North America

What was the Black Death?

two strains of the bubonic plague that simultaneously swept western Europe in the fourteenth century, causing the death of nearly half the population

What is chasquis?

Incan relay runners used to send messages over great distances

What is chattel slavery?

a system of servitude in which people are treated as personal property to be bought and sold

What are chinampas?

floating Aztec gardens consisting of a large barge woven from reeds, filled with dirt and floating on the water, allowing for irrigation

What are Crusades?

a series of military expeditions made by Christian Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the eleventh twelfth, and thirteenth centuries

What is a feudal society?

a social arrangement in which serfs and knights provided labor and military service to noble lords, receiving protection and land use in return

What was an Inquisition?

a campaign by the Catholic Church to root out heresy, especially among converted Jews and Muslims

What is a Koran?

the sacred book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the word of God, dictated to Muhammad through an angel, in the seventh century

What is a matriarchy?

a society in which women have political power

What is a mita?

the Incan labor tax, with each family donating time and work to communal projects

What is polygyny?

the practice of taking more than one wife

What was an quipu?

an ancient Incan device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways

What was the Reconquista?

Spain’s nearly eight-hundred-year holy war against Islam, which ended in 1492

What is a serf?

a peasant tied to the land and its lord

What was the Black Legend?

Spain’s reputation as bloodthirsy conquistadors

What was Calvinism?

a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination

What is commodification?

the transformation of something - for example, an item of ritual significance - into a commodity with monetary value

What was an encomienda?

legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown

What was Hispaniola?

the island in the Caribbean, present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus landed on his first voyage to the Americas and established a Spanish colony

What are indulgences?

documents for purchase that absolved sinners of their errant behavior

What were joint stock companies?

a business entity in which investors produce the capital and assume the risk in order to reap significant returns

What is mercantilism?

the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade

What were mourning wars?

raids or wars that tribes aged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases

Who were the Pilgrims?

Separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English settlement in New England

Who were privateers?

sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will

What was the probanza de mérito?

proof of merit : a letter written by a Spanish explorer to the crown to gain royal patronage

What was the Protestant Reformation?

the schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century

Who were Puritans?

a group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship

What was Roanoke?

the first English colony in Virginia, which mysteriously disappeared sometime between 1587 and 1590

Who were Separatists?

a faction for Puritans who advocated complete separation from the Church of England

What was smallpox?

a disease that Europeans accidentally brought to the New World, killing millions of Native Americans, who had no immunity to the disease

What was sugarcane?

one for the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of work to cultivate

What is a headright system?

a system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia

What is an indenture?

a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years

Who were Jesuits?

members of the Society of Jesus, an elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism

What were maroon communities?

groups of escaped enslaved people who resisted recapture and eked a living from the land

What was the Middle Passage?

the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of ships carrying captured Africans from the African coast to the New World

What was a musket?

a light, long-barreled European gun

What was repartimiento?

a Spanish colonial system requiring Native Americans towns to supply workers for the colonizers