Critical thinking

Critical thinking

examines assumptions and discerns hidden biases

Hindsight bias

“I knew it all along” phenomenon

Overconfidence

think we know more than we do

Precieving order in random events

eagerness to make sense of something

Scientific methods

a self correcting process for evaluating ideas using observations

Applied research

clear practical application, goal to control positive/negaitve sitautions

Basic research

questions of interest that may not have immediate real world application

Theory

predicts behaviors (changes when new information is availiable)

Hypothesis

testible prediction about the relationship between 2 variables

Falsifiable

the possibility of an idea being disproven by observations

Operational definitions

a carefully worded statement of a procedure used in a research study

Replication

repeat the experiment with different participants/materials

Reliability

if the study to be done a second time, it would yield the same results

Validity

credibiltiy of the research

Case Study

in depth study of a single individual or group

Naturalistic observation

observation of people or animals in their natural environment

Survey

interviews to ask a large group of people to gather information

Social Method Bias

bias from the people’s responding in ways they pressume a researcher expects or wishesS

Self Report Bias

bias when people report their behavior inaccuratley

sampling bias

flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample (skews results)

Population

all individuals who can participate in a study

Representative sample

a sample that has characteristics that are similar to those in the population

Random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member as a equal chance of being selected

Random assignment

ensures that all members have an qual chance of being placed in either control/experimental groups