Anatomy & Directionality (PEPC 10)

Orbital

Eye region

Otic

Ear region

Nasal

Nose region

Buccal

Cheek region

Oral

Mouth region

Cranial

Skull region

Cephalic

Head region

Facial

Face region

Cervical

Neck region

Deltoid

Shoulder region

Pectoral

Chest region

Axillary

Armpit region

Brachial

Arm region

Sternal

Breastbone/sternum region

Antebrachial

Forearm region

Antecubital

Front of elbow region

Abdominal

Abdomen region

Umbilical

Navel region

Carpal

Wrist region

Palmar

Palm of hand

Digital

Finger or toe region

Genital

Reproductive organs region

Coxal

Hip region

Inguinal

Groin region

Pubic

Region above the genitalia

Femoral

Thigh region

Patellar

Front of knee region

Popliteal

Back of knee region

Crural

Leg region

Sural

Calf region

Tarsal

Ankle region

Pedal

Foot region

Plantar

Sole/bottom of foot

Vertebral

Spinal column region

Scapular

Shoulder blade region

Dorsum

Back region

Olecranal

Posterior/back of elbow

Lumbar

Lower back region

Sacral

Region between the hips

Gluteal

Buttocks region

Perineal

Region between the genitals and anus

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front or abdominal surface of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Superior (cephalic)

Toward the top/head

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the top/head

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Parietal

Pertaining to the outer boundary of body cavities

Visceral

Pertaining to the internal organs

Superficial (external)

Toward or on the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface

Proximal

Closer to the beginning

Distal

Farther from the beginning

Central

At or near the center of the body or organ

Peripheral

External to or away from the center of the body or organ

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right sections

Median (midsagittal) plane

Passes through the midline and divides the body into equal left and right portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Longitudinal axis

Vertical axis running from head to feet

Sagittal axis

Horizontal axis running from front to back

Transverse axis

Horizontal axis running from side to side

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones

Hyperextension

Movement beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite flexion

Dorsiflexion

Moving the top of the foot toward the shin

Plantarflexion

Moving the sole of the foot downward or pointing the toes

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Elevation

Moving to a superior position

Depression

Moving to an inferior position

Inversion

Lifting the medial border of the foot

Eversion

Lifting the lateral border of the foot

Rotation

Internal or external turning about the vertical axis of a bone

Pronation

Rotating the hand and wrist medially from the elbow

Supination

Rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow

Horizontal flexion (adduction)

Moving the humerus or femur toward the midline in the transverse plane from a 90-degree abducted position

Horizontal extension (abduction)

Returning the humerus or femur from horizontal flexion/adduction

Circumduction

Cone-shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence

Opposition

Thumb movement unique to humans and primates