PHYSIOLOGY - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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trachea, epiglottis, larynx, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm

enumerate the various parts of the respiratory system

mucus

air is drawn in through the nose, where it is filtered by tiny hairs and warmed and moistened by ___

larynx

it is also called the “voice box”

larynx

it is responsible for making sounds for speaking

trachea

it is a flexible tube held open by rings of cartilage

bronchi

in the lungs, the trachea branches into two __

bronchus

singular form of bronchi

bronchioles

the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called ____

alveoli

the bronchioles end in bunches of tiny air sacs called ____. Their walls are so thin that gases can pass through them.

diaphragm

it is a sheet of muscle below the lungs that helps you breathe in and out

epiglottis

a small flap of cartilage that stops food from going into the trachea

thoracic cavity

the lungs are in a space called ____

pleural membrane

it is a slippery skin lining the cavity. it protects the lungs as they rub against the ribs.

ribs

they protect the lungs

intercostal muscles

they are muscles located between the ribs that help you breathe in and out

12 cm

the trachea is about ____ long

16-20

how many cartilage rings are wrapped around the windpipe

adam’s apple

it is a lump at the front of your throat caused by the cartilage of the voice box bulging forwards. it is larger in males after puberty.

alveoli

they give the lungs their spongy texture

relaxes

when we breathe out, the diaphragm ____

contracts

when we breathe in, the diaphragm ___

increases

when we breathe out, the pressure in our lungs ____

decreases

when we breathe in, the pressure in our lungs ___

contract

during inspiration, our intercostal muscles ___

relax

during expiration, our intercostal muscles ____

alveoli

The ____ are in very close contact with the blood capillaries, which contain red blood

cells and hemoglobin.

to get oxygen into the body, to get carbon dioxide out of the body

what are the two main jobs of the respiratory system?

20, 0.4

The air we INHALE contains ___% oxygen and __% carbon dioxide.

16, 4

The air we EXHALE contains __% oxygen and _% carbon dioxide.

tidal volume

it is the amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise

vital capacity

it is the largest amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration

oxygen debt

What is the term used to describe the amount of oxygen the body needs to repay after engaging in anaerobic exercise for about 5 minutes or more?

NO

if you do aerobic exercise, will there be oxygen debt? YES or NO

YES

if you do anaerobic exercise, will there be oxygen debt? YES or NO

increases

during exercise, cell respiration in your muscles ____

nitrogen, 78.6%

What is the primary gas that makes up the largest percentage of Earth's atmosphere, and what is its approximate percentage?

Oxygen, O2

Identify the gas that constitutes approximately 20.9% of the Earth's atmosphere, and provide its chemical symbol

20.9%

What is the approximate percentage of oxygen (O2) in the Earth's atmosphere?

carbon dioxide, 0.04%

Among the main gases of the atmosphere, which one has the lowest percentage, and what is its approximate value?

0.46%

what is the percentage of water vapor in the atmosphere?

partial pressure

the pressure that is exerted by a single gas in some given system (atmosphere, blood, tissue, lung, or experimental mixture

total pressure

The sum of the individual partial pressures produces the ____ in the system

barometric pressure

the sum of the individual partial pressures produces the total pressure in the system. This total pressure is called _____

directly

Partial pressure is ____ proportional to the percentage of a gas in a mixture.

Pulmonary ventilation

it is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

This process is commonly called breathing and depends on chest and diaphragm movements, as well as clear airways

lowers

Inhalation (inspiration) ____ pressure inside the lungs which draws in air

External respiration

it is gas exchange between the lung alveoli and the blood of the pulmonary circulation

Internal respiration

it is the exchange of gas between the blood and the cells of the body. This process generally depends on the same factors as external respiration.

partial pressure difference

Movement of gases between the alveoli, blood and cells depends on the ____ of a gas across these regions.

Law of Diffusion

this law states that gases always move from a region of high partial pressure to a region of low partial pressure

Oxyhemoglobin

it forms when an oxygen molecule reversibly attaches to the heme portion of hemoglobin. The heme unit contains iron ( +2 ) which provides the attractive force.

Carbaminohemoglobin

it forms when a carbon dioxide molecule reversibly attaches to an amino portion of hemoglobin

Carbonic Acid

it forms abundantly in the RBC when the enzyme carbonic anhydrase stimulates water to combine quickly with carbon dioxide

Bicarbonate Ion

it also forms abundantly in the RBC when carbonic acid breaks down to release a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate

carbon dioxide, bicarbonate

When RBC’s move through tissue capillaries, they take in ____ and

release ____

chloride (-1)

When RBC’s move through tissue capillaries, they take in carbon dioxide and release bicarbonate. As bicarbonate is released, ____ shifts into the RBC in order to replace the negative bicarbonate (-1). This preserves charge balance in the RBC.

bicarbonate, carbon dioxide

When RBC’s move through pulmonary capillaries, they take in ____ and release ____

chloride (-1)

When RBC’s move through pulmonary capillaries, they take in bicarbonate and release carbon dioxide. As bicarbonate (-1) shifts into the RBC, ____ shifts out of the RBC. This also preserves charge balance in the RBC.

Bohr effect

a phenomenon where, when there is more carbon dioxide in the blood, it makes it easier for hemoglobin to let go of oxygen.

carbon dioxide, increased body temperature, increased hydrogen from acids, increased 2,3-biphosphoglygerate (BPG)

give four factors that induce Oxygen unloading from Hemoglobin

pneumotaxic respiratory center and apneustic respiratory center

the pons contain two secondary respiratory centers which are:

secondary respiratory centers

these respiratory centers do not set the basic respiratory rhythm and instead modify the basic respiratory rate

medullary respiratory center

the medulla contains the primary breathing center which is the:

medullary respiratory center

it is the primary breathing center

pneumotaxic respiratory center

this respiratory center inhibits inspiratory time and increases breaths per minute

apneustic respiratory center

this respiratory center’s function has not been clearly defined, but is postulated to prolong inspiratory time and reduces breaths per minute

medullary respiratory center

this respiratory center stimulates basic inspiration for about 3 seconds and then basic expiration for about 2 seconds

combined with hemoglobin, 98.5%

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood, and what is the percentage associated with this method?

7-10%

What is the approximate percentage of oxygen that is dissolved in plasma?