Biopsych Neuroanatomy

Neuroaxis

Imaginary line that runs down the center of the brain and spinal cord

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Decussates

nerve fibers that cross over to the other side

Frontal/Coronal Sections

Slicing the brain from the dorsal to the ventral side

Horizontal Sections

Slicing the brain from anterior to posterior end

Sagittal Sections

Slicing the brain along the midline

The Central Nervous System includes the:

Brain and spinal cord

The Peripheral Nervous System includes the:

Nerves and peripheral ganglia

Meninges

tough outer layer of connective tissue that insulates the brain

Dura Matter

Most outer layer of connective tissue

Arachnoid Membrane

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

Subarachnoid Space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

Pia matter

Thin layer of connective tissue that makes contact with the surface of the brain

Why is meningitis such a severe condition?

When membranes become infected, they swell and press on the spinal cord/brain

Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?

The Choriod Plexus

Reabsorption of old cerebral spinal fluid is done through:

Arachnoid granulation

Every organ starts with the:

Stem cell

Neurotrophins

Turn stem cells into neurons

Symmetrical Division

One progenitor cell produces two progenitor cells

Asymetrical Division

One progenitor cell produces radial glia that extend to the pia matter

When does Postnatal Development Occur?

Puberty

What does Postnatal Development reflect:

Changes in interactions between frontal cortex and limbic structures

Forebrain consists of

telencephalon and diencephalon

Midbrain consists of

Mesencephalon and pons

Hindbrain consists of

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

Which area in the brain is a highly convulated surface area?

the cerebral cortex

Four parts of the cerebral cortex

Frontal, parietal temporal, and occipital lobes

Function of the frontal lobe

Planning and execution of goal directed behaviors

locations of the frontal lobe

Prefrontal cortex and motor cortex

Prefrontal cortex and motor cortex

Processing auditory stimuli and object recognition

Locations of the temporal lobe

Primary Cortex

Functions of the parietal lobe

Processing touch, language, and sensing

Location of the parietal lobe

Somatosensory cortex

Function of the occipital lobe

Visual stimuli

Location of the occipital lobe

Visual cortex

Both hemispheres are connected by the:

Corpus Callosum

5 areas of the Left hemisphere

- Language
- Computation
- Logical Reasoning
- Reading
- Writing

5 areas of the Right hemisphere

- Spatial reasoning
- Face recognition
- Music
- Drawing ability
- Math

Function of the limbic system

process emotional stimuli and memory

Hippocampus

Helps process explicit memories for storage.

Amygdala

Regulates fear and aggresion

Thalamus

Filters all sensory signals but smell

Fornix

Processes cognition, emotion, and sexual response

Mammilary Bodies of hypothalamus

govern memory formation and recall

Hypothalamus

Directs feeding, fleeting, fighting

Basal Ganglia

Control body's voluntary movements

Thalamus

Processes visual and auditory stimuli and contains projection fibers that project to cortical areas

Pituitary gland

secretes hormones

Tectum

a part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment

Reticular formation

Sleep, dreams and breathing

The three parts of the dicephalon

- Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland

The two parts of the midbrain

tectum and tegmentum

The two parts of the Hindbrain

Cerebellum and Pons

Cerebellum

Coordination of movement

Pons

Connects stem to brain and allow for sleeping and wakefullness

The 5 parts of the spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Medulla Oblongata

End of brain stem that controls heartbeat and respiration

Dorsal root ganglia

brings sensory information to the brain

Ventral root ganglia

controls movement of muscles

Cranial nerves

Nerves that are in the brain but don't go through the spine

The 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch

Function of the Sympathetic branch

Mobilizes the organism for physical exertion

Location of the sympathetic branch

The throracic and lumber spinal cord

Function of the parasympathetic branch

rest and digest

Location of the parasympathetic branch

Vagys nerve or sacral portion of the spinal cord