Global Health 101 Chapters 1-2

health

a state of complete mental, physical, and emotional wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

public health

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment, control of community infections, education in hygiene, and the development of social machinery to ensure capacity in the community to maintain health

global health

health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions

epidemiology

the study of patterns and causes of disease in specific populations and the application of this information to control health problems

One Health

the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment

Planetary Health

the health of human civilization and the state of natural systems on which it depends

determinants of health

the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations

social determinants of health

conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

socioeconomic status

a person's economic, social, and work status

life expectancy at birth

the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life

maternal mortality ratio

the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

neonatal mortality rate

the number of deaths to infants younger than 28 days of age in a given year, per 1,000 live births in that year

child mortality rate

the probability that a newborn will die before reaching age five, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

morbidity

illness

mortality

death

death rate

the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

disability

the temporary or log-term reduction in a person's capacity to function

prevalence

the number of people suffering from a certain condition over a specific time period

point prevalence

the proportion of the population that has a condition at a given point in time

incidence rate

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

primary prevention

intervening before health effects occur (ex. vaccinations and altering risky behaviors)

secondary prevention

screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms and providing treatment, as appropriate, to prevent any diagnosed conditions from worsening (ex. mammograms and regular blood pressure testing)

tertiary prevention

managing diseases post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression (ex. chemotherapy and rehab)

communicable (infectious) diseases

illnesses that are caused by a particular infectious agent and that spread directly or indirectly from people to people, from animals to animals, from animals to people, or from people to animals

noncommunicable diseases

illnesses that are not spread by any infectious agent

injuries

the result of an act that damages, harms, or hurts