lord help me

two bones under the pectoral girdle

• scapula

• clavicle

shoulder blade

scapula

collar bone

clavicle

shape of clavicle

slender, s-shaped clavicle

shape of scapula

large, triangular flat bone

how many bones in the upper limb?

30 bones in three locations: arm, forearms, and hands

upper limb, skeleton of the arm

humerus

the bone from the pinky to the elbow

ulna

the bone from the thumb to the elbow

radius

eight small bones of the wrist joined to one another by ligaments

carpals

five bones forming the intermediate region of the hand

metacarpals

bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand

phalanges

where lower limbs attach to the body

pelvic hip girdle

pelvis

green

ischium

blue

ilium

yellow

pubis

acetabulum

longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

femur

knee cap

patella

tibia

fibula

7 bones of the proximal region of the foot

tarsals

5 bones in the intermediate region of the foot

metatarsals

toes and fingers

phalanges

bending

flexion

straightening

extension

movement away from the midline * →

abduction

movement toward the midline * ←

adduction

rotation of the forearm with palms down

pronation

rotation of the forearm with palms up

supination

movement of a structure about the long axis

rotation

decreased collagen productions results in?

more mineral and fewer collagen fibers → bones are more brittle

why does the amount of matrix decrease while adging?

the rate of matrix formation by osteoblasts becomes slower than the rate of matrix breakdown by osteoclasts

condition of porous (butas butas) bones

osteoporosis

brittle bone disorder

osteogenesis imperfecta

any break in a bone

fractures

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

open

the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact

comminuted

break in the radius close to the wrist

colles

the vertebral body of one or more vertebrae fractures and becomes compressed into wedge-shape

vertebral compression fracture

the growing bones become “soft” or rubbery and are easily deformed — inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix

rickets

usually result from direct blows / tend to break at the point where the greatest force is applied / may puncture the heart, great vessels of the heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, spleen, liver, and kidneys

rib fractures

if the anterior and posterior ligaments of the intervertebral discs become injured or weakened, the pressure developed in the center may be great enough to rupture the surrounding fibrous cartilage

herniated (slipped) disk

a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region

scoliosis

increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column that produces a hunchback look

kyphosis

increase in the lumbar curve of the vertebral column

lordosis

types of muscles

• skeletal

• cardiac

• Smooth

muscles attached to bones

skeletal muscles

muscles located in the heart

cardiac muscles

muscle located in blood vessels, hollow organs

smooth muscles

similarities and differences muscle types

• cell shape

• bones, cardiac — cylindrical

• smooth — spindle-shaped

similarities and differences muscle types

• nucleus

• skeletal — multiple nuclei

• cardiac, smooth — single nuclei

similarities and differences muscle types

• striations (light and dark alternating bands)

• skeletal, cardiac — yes

• smooth — no

similarities and differences muscle types

• control

• skeletal — voluntary

• cardiac, smooth — involuntary

functions of the muscular system (mprbccc)

• movement

• posture

• respiration

• body heat

• communication

• constriction

• contraction

the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, or contract

contractility

the capacity of muscle to respond to stimulus

excitability

ability of muscle to be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract

extensibility

ability of the muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched

elasticity

a skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of muscle cells termed __

fascicles

part of muscle cell

• surrounds muscle fibers

endomysium

part of muscle cell

• surrounds fascicles

perimysium

part of muscle cell

• surrounds muscles

epimysium

cell membrane of the muscle fibers

sarcolemma

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sacroplasm

bundles of protein filaments

myofibrils

the basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

sacromere

wall of the cheeks

buccinator

lowers corners of mouth/depresses the corner of mouth

depressor anguli oris

elevates upper lip

levator labii superioris

moves scalp, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles your fore head

occipitofrontalis

closes the mouth and protrudes the lips

orbicularis oris

elevate the upper lip and corner of the mouth

zygomaticus

closes the jaw by elevating and pushing the mandible anteriorly

masseter

elevates and draws the mandible posteriorly

temporalis

jaw movement and chewing

pterygoids

tongue muscle that change the shape of the tongue

intrinsic

tongue muscle that moves the tongue

extrinsic

above hyoid; elevates or stabilizes hyoid

suprahyoid

below hyoid; depresses or stabilizes hyoid

infrahyoid

neck muscles that individually rotate the head; together it flex the neck

sternocleidomastoid

neck muscles that extends and laterally flexes the neck

trapezius

neck muscles that laterally flex and rotate neck

scalene

parts of the trunk muscles

• vertebral column

• thorax

• abdominal wall

• pelvic floor

extends vertebral column and maintains posture

erector spinae

three different columns of the erector spinae

• iliocostalis

• longissimus

• spinalis

elevate ribs during quiet resting inhalation

external intercostals

depress ribs during forced exhalation

internal intercostals

dome shaped muscle that moves during quiet breathing, elevate ribs

diaphragm

center of abdomen

rectus abdominis

side of abdomen

external and internal abdominal oblique

comprises the deepest layer of lateral abdominal wall and compresses abdomen

transversus abdominis