module 2: actual

two bones under the pectoral girdle

• scapula

• clavicle

how many bones in cranium

22

• braincase 8

• facial 14

+each 3 auditory ossicles found in eat

blue - anterior part of cranium, forms forehead, the roof of the orbits

frontal bone

sides and roof of cranium, accommodates blood vessels

parietal bones

posterior portion and floor of cranium

occipital bone

inferior to parietal bones, found on each side of the cranium

temporal bones

middle part of the cranial base, called keystone as it holds the other cranial bones together

sphenoid bone

includes medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity

ethmoid bone

forms the bridge of nose

2 nasal bones

medial surfaces of eye orbits

2 lacrimal bones

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate

2 palatine bones

attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

• increases the surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs

2 inferior nasal conchae

triangular bone that forms the inferior part of the nasal septum

vomer

unite to form the upper jawbone

maxillae

cheek bones

zygomatic bones

lower jawbone, largest and strongest facial bone, only movable skull bone

mandible

unpaired bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment

• suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones

• supports the tongue

hyoid bone

the spine, backbone, or spinal column

vertebral column

what are the 26 vertebrae

• 7 cervical

• 12 thoracic

• 5 lumbar

• 1 sacrum

• 1 coccyx

normal curves of the vertebral column

• cervical (

• thoracic )

• lumbar (

• pelvic )

parts of vertebra

• vertebral body - weight bearing

• vertebral arch - two processes

processes of the vertebral arch

• 2 transverse

• 1 spinous

• 2 superior articular

• 2 inferior articular

first two cervical vertebrae

• Atlas (C1) - lacks a body and a spinous process

  • yes

• Axis (C2) - has a unique, tooth-like projection called the dens

  • no

bone structure that protects vital organs 

thoracic cage (sternum + ribs)

sternum

• manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

ribs

• 7 true ribs

• 5 false ribs

  • 8, 9, 10 - vertebrochondral ribs

  • 11, 12 - floating ribs

how many bones in axial skeleton

80

how many bones in appendicular skeleton

126

how many bones in an adult skeleton

206

shoulder blade

scapula

collar bone

clavicle

shape of clavicle

slender, s-shaped clavicle

shape of scapula

large, triangular flat bone

how many bones in the upper limb?

30 bones in three locations: arm, forearms, and hands

upper limb, skeleton of the arm

humerus

the bone from the pinky to the elbow

ulna

the bone from the thumb to the elbow

radius

eight small bones of the wrist joined to one another by ligaments

carpals

five bones forming the intermediate region of the hand

metacarpals

bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand

phalanges

where lower limbs attach to the body

pelvic hip girdle

the large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached

pelvis

green - the curved bone forming the interior base of each half of the pelvis

ischium

blue - the superior large broad bone forming each half of the pelvis

ilium

yellow - most anterior part of the pelvis and is located where the two pubic bones meet in the front at a joint

pubis

the socket of the hipbone

acetabulum

longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

femur

knee cap

patella

the larger of the two bones in the lower leg that bears weight

tibia

the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle

fibula

7 bones of the proximal region of the foot

tarsals

5 bones in the intermediate region of the foot

metatarsals

toes and fingers

phalanges

bending

flexion

straightening

extension

movement away from the midline * →

abduction

movement toward the midline * ←

adduction

rotation of the forearm with palms down

pronation

rotation of the forearm with palms up

supination

movement of a structure about the long axis

rotation

wall of the cheeks

buccinator

lowers corners of mouth/depresses the corner of mouth

depressor anguli oris

elevates upper lip

levator labii superioris

moves scalp, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles your fore head

occipitofrontalis

closes the mouth and protrudes the lips

orbicularis oris

elevate the upper lip and corner of the mouth

zygomaticus

closes the jaw by elevating and pushing the mandible anteriorly

masseter

elevates and draws the mandible posteriorly

temporalis

jaw movement and chewing

pterygoids

tongue muscle that change the shape of the tongue

intrinsic

tongue muscle that moves the tongue

extrinsic

above hyoid; elevates or stabilizes hyoid

suprahyoid

below hyoid; depresses or stabilizes hyoid

infrahyoid

neck muscles that individually rotate the head; together it flex the neck

sternocleidomastoid

neck muscles that extends and laterally flexes the neck

trapezius

neck muscles that laterally flex and rotate neck

scalene

parts of the trunk muscles

• vertebral column

• thorax

• abdominal wall

• pelvic floor

extends vertebral column and maintains posture

erector spinae

three different columns of the erector spinae

• iliocostalis

• longissimus

• spinalis

elevate ribs during quiet resting inhalation

external intercostals

depress ribs during forced exhalation

internal intercostals

dome shaped muscle that moves during quiet breathing, elevate ribs

diaphragm

center of abdomen

rectus abdominis

side of abdomen

external and internal abdominal oblique

comprises the deepest layer of lateral abdominal wall and compresses abdomen

transversus abdominis

axial skeleton consists of 

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage