Communication Sciences and Disorders Capstone Exam 1

From birth to 1 month of age, infant vocalizations are considered to be

reflexive

This aspect of language includes understanding the use of language in social situations

Pragmatics

The aspect of language that involves the study of meaning is in the area of

semantics

Repeated CV combinations that are comprised of the same phonemes, such as “mama” are

reduplicated babbling

At this age, infants begin to pay attention to faces

4 months

Children typically begin to combine two words at approximately

18-24 months

Another word for the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning is

morpheme

It is important to obtain a language sample that represents a child’s true language productions. Because of this, a language sample size should have at least

100 utterances

Calculate the number of morphemes (according to Brown’s rules) that are in the sentence listed below:

“Oh, that’s a big doggie!”

6

Calculate the number of morphemes (according to Brown’s rules) that are in the sentence provided below.

“I am walking home.”

5

True or False: In the word: cats, the ‘s’ is a morpheme that adds meaning and makes this word plural

True

True or False: Most children who are diagnosed with language based learning disorders have average or below average intellectual abilities

False

True or false: An oral mechanism examination should not be completed with a pediatric client who has a suspected language disorder

False

Language

A shared code among conversational partners → A system for representing concepts → Rule-governed → Follows social constructs

Structures of language

context, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, prosody

Context

Surrounding information

Syntax

order and placement of words and markers

Semantics

meaning of words

Pragmatics

Appropriateness of words

Prosody

Melody of speech

What is the following an example of: “A formal meeting vs. a casual conversation with friends.”

Context

Context

The broader situation in which language is used. Includes cultural, social and physical environment

Subject-verb-object order is an example of

Syntax

Syntax

The Grammar rules. Rules that govern how words are arranged into a sentence. Includes the linear use of verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.

the Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and ambiguity of words choice is an example of

semantics

Semantics

The study of words and sentence meaning. Think “Meaning Matters”. The literal meaning of words and how they combine to create overall sentence meaning.

Pragmatics

How language is used in a social setting. Understanding and use of sarcasm, irony, implied meaning

Speech acts (requests, promises, statements) Use of communication (politeness, informatory, implicitness) are examples of

Pragmatics

Speech Acts

requests, promises, statements

Use of communication

politeness, informatory, implicitness

Prosody

The melody of language. Use of intonation, stressing and rhythm or speech to alter the intent of communication

Emphasizing key words, placing syllable intonation to alter nouns to verbs and verbs to nouns are all examples of

prosody

Bloom and Lahey (1978)

Model of Interrelated Language Skills

Form (Bloom and Lahey)

word order, word endings and speech. Includes syntax, morphology and phonology

Where does syntax belong in the bloom and lahey model of interrelated language skills?

It falls under form, which encompasses word order, word endings and speech

Where does morphology belong in the bloom and lahey model of interrelated language skills?

It belongs under form, which encompasses word order, word endings and speech

Where does phonology belong in the bloom and lahey model of interrelated language skills?

It belongs under form, which encompasses word order, word endings and speech

Content (Bloom and Lahey)

word meanings, the way word meanings link together and sequencing. Includes semantics

Where does semantics belong in the Bloom and Lahey model of interrelated language skills?

It belongs under content which encompasses word meanings, the way word meanings link together and sequencing

Use (Bloom and Lahey)

conversations, social rules, and matching language to the situation. includes pragmatics

What value do morphemes have?

All of them either have lexical or grammatical

Lexical morphemes

The primary meaning conveyed by a morpheme, especially when it functions as a standalone word. Carries the main meaning of a word like the noun, verb, etc: “walk” in walked or “cat” in cats

“Walk” in walked is an example of

lexical morpheme

“Cat’ in cats is an example of

lexical morpheme

Grammatical morphemes

Provide the information for tensing, plurality or possession: “-ed” in walked or “s” in “cats”

“-ed” in walked is an example of

grammatical morpheme

“s” in “cats” is an example of

grammatical morpheme

Morphemes

The smallest unit of language that contains meaning

Free Morphemes

Can stand alone as independent words: Cat, happy, walk, flip, kite

Lexical Free Morphemes

Carry the core meaning of the word (ex: nouns, verbs, adjectives adverbs)

What are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs examples of and why?

They are lexical free morphemes because they carry the core meaning of the word

The two types of free morphemes

lexical and functional

Functional Free Morphemes

Shows grammatical relationships between words (ex: prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns

What are prepositions, conjunctions, articles and pronouns examples of and why?

They are examples of functional free morphemes because it shows grammatical relationships between words

What type of morpheme are the following words and why?: cat, happy, walk, flip, kite

They are free morphemes because they can stand alone as independent words

Bound Morphemes

cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes. prefixes (“un”, “re-”, “de-”) and suffixes “-ed”, “-ing”, “-ly”)

The two types of bound morphemes

derivational and inflectional

Derivational bound morpheme

changes the meaning of a word (Ex. Happy v Happiness / care v. careful / teach v. teacher)

Inflectional

indicates grammatical features (Ex. tense walked v. walking, quantity cat v. cats, person I go v. he goes)

Interjection words lack

lexical and grammatical value

Use of filler sounds in speech should not be considered

morphemes

Bound Morphemes that are not used with conjunction of a standalone morpheme do not present

lexical or grammatical value in itself. (“s, re-, ly” each of these do not express a unit of language without its core lexical morpheme)

“s, re-, ly”

bound morphemes that are not used with conjunction of a standalone morpheme and do not present lexical or grammatical value in itself. Each does not express a unit of language without its core lexical morpheme

Clause

a group of words that contain a subject and a verb

Independent Clause

a complete thought that can stand along as a sentence

Dependent Clause

a group of words that contains a subject and a noun (clause) that does not express a complete thought and relies on an independent clause to fill in the missing information

Compound

sentences that contain at least two independent clauses (can stand along as a complete sentence

What type of sentence is the follow?:

“I went to the store, and I found a good deal”

Compound (contains at least two independent clauses and can stand along as a complete sentence)

Complex Sentence

Contains at least 1 dependent clause

What type of sentence is the following?:

“Without my glasses, I cannot see the picture clearly.”

Complex

What is the dependent clause in the following sentence?:

“Without my glasses, I cannot see the picture clearly.”

“Without my glasses”

What is the independent clause in the following sentence?:

“Without my glasses, I cannot see the picture clearly.”

“I cannot see the picture clearly.”

Compound/Complex sentence

Contains both structures, therefore requires at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause joined by a connective

What type of sentence is the following?:

“Although it was raining, we went to the park, and we had a lot of fun.”

Compound/complex

What is the dependent clause in the following sentence?:

“Although it was raining, we went to the park, and we had a lot of fun.”

“Although it was raining”

What are the independent clauses in the following sentence?

“Although it was raining, we went to the park, and we had a lot of fun”

“We sent to the park,” “We had a lot of fun”

Children who show language problems comprise a __ group

diverse

What is the most frequently diagnosed communication disorder?

Language disorders

Children with language disorders may often demonstrate the following:

• Limited skills in understanding spoken language

• Poor listening skills

• Limited understanding of word meanings and meanings in general

• Limited expressive language skills

• Limited use, or lack of use, or morphological elements of language

• Limited skills in understanding written language

• Limited Phonological and phonemic awareness

Language Disorders

• Limited use of complex sentence structures

• Inappropriate use of language (to context)

• Deficit in the use of language that has already been learned

• Limited conversational skills

• Limited skills in narrating experiences

Certain children with language disorders may also experience the following

limited cognitive skills, later academic problems, some abnormal patterns of language

Specific Language Impairment

A diagnostic term used for children with a language disorder which cannot be attributed to peripheral hearing loss, neuromuscular impairment, emotional disturbance and/or intellectual impairment

Aspects of Children’s Language Disorders

• Semantic Problems

• Morphological Problems

• Syntactic Problems

• Phonological Problems

• Pragmatic Problems

Associated Clinical Conditions (with language disorder)

• genetic syndromes

• Down syndrome

• Fragile X syndrome

• Intellectual disabilities

• Hearing impairments

• Autism spectrum disorders

• Cerebral palsy

• Environment factors

• Prenatal drug or alcohol experience

Assessment of language disorders

• case history → Interview of client and family members → Oral mechanism exam → Hearing screening

Measurement of language behaviors

• Language sampling (at least 100 utterances)

• Standardized language tests

• Reading/Writing assessment

• Articulation/Phonology screener and/or assessment

Language-based learning disability

This disorder is not about how smart a person is. Most people diagnosed with learning disabilities have average to superior intellectual abilities.

What is HIPPA?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

PHI is

Protected Health Information

Common Issues with PHI

Improper handling of medical records, sharing information with people who do not need to know about a patient

The acronym HIPPA stands for

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

The acronym PHI stands for

Protected Health Information

HIPAA provides

• a right of access to the medical record protects health care information

• protection of healthcare information

• provides the right of the patient to receive a copy of their medical record by email if requested and with understanding of risk of disclosure

Provider responsibilities to maintain patient privacy include

• considering all patient information to be confidential

• Complying with all of the privacy policies of their workplace

• accessing only the information needed to complete their job duty

The pieces of information considered to be a PHI are the following

• Middle name of patient

• Photo of a birthmark

• E-mail address

• Telehealth IP addresses

• Full face photo

• Social Security Number

Under HIPAA, a patient has the right to

request an amendment to their medical record

Do patient care providers have the right to access all of a patient’s information, regardless of their role in the patient’s care?

No, they do not

Is discussing a client/patient’s care outside of the clinical setting acceptable even if there will not be any individuals present from the clinic and the patient will not be identifiable?

No, it is unacceptable

True or false: PHI information is only protected if it is a written record of care