5. Blood & Circulation

Definition of Edema

what is an excessive amount of fluid buildup in tissues or cavities

What was formerly known as Dropsy?

what is edema

what causes edema

what is

1. an increased permeability of capillary walls

2.Increased capillary pressure

3.Inflammation

4.Fluid and electrolyte disturbances

what portion of the blood leaks through the vascular system causing edema?

serum

what inflammatory response has the greatest effect on edema

increased vascular permeability

Anasarca

severe generalized edema

Ascites

what is fluid buildup in the abdomen

Hydrothorax

what is fluid buildup in the thorax

Hydrocele

what is edema of the scrotum

Hydropericardium

what is edema of the pericardial sac

Lymphedema

what is excess fluid caused by long term lymphatic obstruction. leads to the hardening and swelling of tissues. often leading to necrosis

Pulmonary edema

what is fluid buildup of the lungs

Skeletal Edema

what is edema in the arms and legs

what type of edema will indent when pressure is applied?

pitting edema

What are the complications of edema?

swelling, secondary dilution, skin slip and leakage

Edema and Swelling

severe edema can lead to disfiguring facial swelling, and cause problems dressing a decedent

Edema and Secondary dilution

moisture in the body will dilute the arterial solution

Edema and Skin Slip

excess moisture can lead to blisters or desquamation

Edema and Leakage

when the skin tears it will leak forever

Hyperemia

active or passive increased flow of blood to an area of the body

Active hyperemia

increased arterial blood supply to an organ for a physiologic (functional) reason, e.g. exercise. It may also be pathological.

an example of active hyperemia

increased blood supply to muscles

Passive hyperemia

is caused by inadequate venous drainage. Venous blood engorges organs or tissues because it isn’t being carried away the way it should

Hypoxia

inadequate oxygen within tissues

Anoxia

is the complete lack of oxygen, more severe than hypoxia

Ischemia

deficiency of arterial blood flow to an organ or tissue

Infarction

tissue death caused by lack of blood supply

Myocardial infarction

heart attack

Thrombus

what is a stationary blood clot, made up of platelets, red blood cells, and fibrin

Thrombosis

what is the formation or presence of an attached blood clot that obstructs blood flow through a blood vessel

Virchow’s triad

describes the three main causes of thrombus formation which are endothelial injury, hemodynamic changes and hypercoagulability

Endothelial injury

damage to the inner lining of a blood vessel; can be caused by smoking, hypertension, trauma, atheroma

Hemodynamic changes

stasis or turbulence; reduced or increased rate of blood flow; caused by prolonged immobility, including broken bones or long air travel (DVT)

Hypercoagulability

aka thrombophilia, any disorder of the blood that leads to excess clotting; can be caused by leukemia and clotting disorders

Embolus

what is A sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris (blood clot, plaque)

Hemorrhage

escape of blood from the vascular system, aka bleeding

Exsanguination

massive bleeding from anywhere in the body, typically resulting in death

Ecchymosis

a bruise or contusion

Epistaxis

nose bleed

Hematemesis

vomiting blood

Hematoma

a bruise swollen with trapped blood

Hematuria

blood in the urine

Hemoptysis

coughing bloody sputum from the respiratory tract

Melena

tarry black feces caused by digesting blood from somewhere in the upper gi tract. brighter red = lower in the gi tract

Petechia

pinpoint bruising caused by burst capillaries (like from when youre throwing up or dry heaving)

Purpura

discolorations caused by subcutaneous bleeding, larger than typical ecchymoses

Post mortem conditions associated with disturbances in circulation

diminished circulation, edema, abscesses, hemorrhage, emaciation, dehydration, rapid decomp, discoloration.

what type of tissue is blood?

connective tissue

Hematology

the study of diseases in the blood

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes

the main categories of blood cells

Plasma

the liquid component of blood. Contains anticoagulants

Serum

is plasma without the clotting factors

Erythrocytes aka RBC (transports oxygen)

Most common type of blood cell

Red Blood Cells

Most common type of blood

Hemoglobin

the iron-containing protein that binds oxygen molecules and carries them from the lungs to the tissues

Heme

is the red pigment in blood.

Leukocytes aka WBC

immunocytes (immune cells) that are involved in protecting the body frompathogens and foreign entities

what makes WBC different from other cells in the blood?

they have a nuclei

Granulocytes, Lymphocytes and Monocytes

three subtypes of Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Platelets that form clots to stop bleeding

Anemia

blood disorder in which the blood has less ability to transport oxygen. This can be from fewer red blood cells than normal, a lack of available hemoglobin, or hemoglobin abnormalities.

Blood loss, Decreased RBC production and increased RBC breakdown

what causes anemia

Aplastic

Lack of growth

Aplastic Anemia

occurs when stem cells in bone marrow don’t work properly, which prevents the body from making enough of any or all blood cells

Hemolysis

Hemo/e- blood lysis- breakdown destruction of red blood cells

Pernicious anemia

is the result of a shortage of red blood cell production caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Intrinsic Factor

what a lack of … causes Pernicious Anemia

Polycythemia vera

erythrocytosis, is a type of blood cancer where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells

Leukocytosis

means an increased white blood cell count.

Penia

deficiency

Leukopenia

a decrease in number of white blood cells. This leads to an increased chance of infection.

Leukemia

refers to a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and lead to abnormal blood cell production. Leukemia can be acute or chronic

Acute myelocytic leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Four major types of leukemia

Acute Leukemia

rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells. This causes crowding that makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells

Chronic Leukemia

is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells.

Hemophilia (Love of Blood)

is an inherited genetic disorder that prevents the body from making blood clots, caused by lack of one of more clotting factors NOT ENOUGH CLOTTING FACTOR

Hemophilia A

•caused by low amounts of clotting factor VIII

Hemophilia B

caused by low amounts of clotting factor IX

Thrombocytopenia

refers to an abnormally low platelet count NOT ENOUGH PLATELETS

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

When the mother and baby have conflicting blood types

Hemolysis

Jaundice associated with anemia is caused by

Sickle Cell Anemia

An autosomal recessive genetic condition characterized by abnormal hemoglobin that leads to vaso-occlusive crisis

Hyperemia

higher blood flow than normal

Hypervolemia

too much fluid in the body; fluid overload

Hypovolemia

inadequate fluid (blood) volume in the circulatory system

Shock (Circulatory)

life-threatening circulatory failure; inadequate flow of blood which results in inadequate oxygen to tissues

Syncope

temporary loss of consciousness caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain; fainting

Lymphatic System

is part of the immune system, and complements the circulatory system. It consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and tissue, and lymph.

Lymph

starts as interstitial fluid that leaks out of the circulatory system into tissues. That fluid carries nutrients to cells and collects waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells, and then drains into the lymphatic vessels as lymph.

Lymph Nodes

are major sites of lymphocytes. Nodes act as filters for foreign particles including cancer cells, but have no detoxification function.

Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils

Other organs associated with lymphatic system

Lymphadenopathy (or adenopathy)

is a disease (or sign of a disease) of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.

Lymphangitis

A life-threatening infection characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and red streaks spreading toward the groin or axillary area is.

Pregnancy, Inflammation and Infection

Which of the following conditions could lead to leukocytosis