Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

The enlightenment influenced revolutionary thought by:

a. encouraging the poor to take up arms

b. stressing the importance of the monarchy

c. designing a common revolutionary strategy

d. instilling a belief in the natural rights of man

d

The declaration of independence states, "That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it." these words describe the enlightened idea of a

a. need to ensure a representative government

b.return to society that has no central authority

c. social contract between government and the people

d. revolutionary intent to overthrow the government

c

"The person of the king is sacred, and to attack him is to attack on god itself. kings represent the divine majesty and have been appointed to him to carry out his purposes. serving god and respecting kings are bound together"

Which group challenged the philosophy in this statement?

a. advocates of divine right

b. writers of the enlightenment

c. absolute monarchs of europe

d. leaders of the catholic church

b

Enlightenment thinkers contributed to changes in relationships between citizens and governments through their belief that

a. most changes in government are dangerous

b. absolute monarchy is the most effective form of government

c. governments are instituted to protect citizens' rights

d. popular liberties should be limited by the need for social order

c

"If a man is free and in control of his possessions, why should he give up freedom? Whenever the ruler endeavors to take away the property of the people or reduce them to slavery, they are removed and left to rise up with force and violence"

The ideas expressed by John Locke in the passage helped inspire the

a. theory of divine right

b. american revolution

c. separation of church and state

d. industrial revolution

b

Which of the following was not a part of the third estate in france?

a. peasants

b. bourgeoisie

c. church clergy

d. city workers

e. none of the above

c

The Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

mainly influenced by finding new materials, lands, and people during the age of exploration because it made people realize that they could be wrong about some things

Geocentric Theory

Earth is the center of the Universe

Heliocentric Theory

Sun is the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

made heliocentric theory knew it would get rejected, so he waited until the last year of his life to share it

Scientific Method

a series of steps to help find the solution/answer to find problems using science, states the probles

Galilieo Galilei

Italian scientist who confirmed Copernicus' Heliocentric theory based on observations through his telescope; forced to recant his observations because they opposed the teachings of the Church

made the first telescope + compared helio and geo centric theories in a book he wrote

Johannes Kepler

made laws of plantetary motion, proved copernicus right with math

Issac Newton

made the 3 laws of motion said the universe was a clock set in motion by god

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Divine right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Louis XIV

french ruler; conquered a lot of land, but lost costly wars, made the castle of versailles

ivan the terrible

earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Peter the great

Russian tsar; He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, made a port in st. petersburg

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

restoration

the re-establishment of the monarchy

habeas corpus

Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

glorious revolution

when James II left his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

William and Mary

These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament; signed english bill of rights, mary is daughter of James II; william is her husband

Constitutional monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority; believed you needed a total ruler to control this

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Voltaire

philosophe; wanted free speech and criticized the government

Rousseau

believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Stamp act

tax on printed goods

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

declaration of independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Social contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

estates

The social classes in France

1st estate

the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes

2nd estate

"The Nobles"---Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.

3rd estate

made up of bourgeoisie, city workers, and peasants; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate, to make laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Louis XVI

The King of France during the French Revolution. Was accused of misusing France's money and lavish expenses. Was put on trial and beheaded.

Estates general

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

tennis court oath

vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written; was made on a tennis court

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison; seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Coalitions

groups of countries banding together to fight for one cause

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government in and became emperor of France; Failed to defeat russia and exiled. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and exiled again

coup d'etat

overthrowing of the government

napoleon saw the government was failing and marched on the government and took power

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon that restricted liberties but got rid of some injustices

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land russia did this and back up so the french soldiers would die

battle of waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from exile that ended his reign as French ruler

congress of vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon balance of power- one country cant be too powerful

france->constitutional monarchy after the revolution

concert of europe- help each other out when revolution happens

Robert Boyle

Father of modern chemistry; challenged aristotle

made a way to measure gas volume and temperature

How was the rcc an obstacle to overcome during the scientific revolution

if you went against the rcc you were said to be a liar; the rcc denied new theories that contradicted their beliefs

how did louis the XIV and peter the great use absolute power to strengthen their influence on france and russia

they both increased the power the main leader had while weakening the power of others in office

how did both the causes of the revolution and the resulting constitutional monarchy in england afterward reflect enlightenment ideals

it made the government more fair and focused more on the indivudual's rights

what were some of the central ideas of the enlightenment philisophes and what was their lasting impact

-inspired french and american revolutions

-helped with scientific progress

-put importance on the individual

what philosophical impact would the age of enlightenment have upon the american revolution? what were the other causes that prompted the English colonists to declare their independence

it made people believe that they could overthrow the government for being unjust

-high taxes

-unfair rulings

causes of french revolution

-inspiration from enlightenment ideals

-social class tensions

3rd estate was kicked out of estate general, which made them upset and they marched on the prison (Storming of bastille)

Why would the french revolution fail

the people who were upset were extremely outnumbered and didn't have enough supplies or a good enough plan to take down the army