[PS 147] MODULE 1_WHO GACP (Part 1)

(1) Use of low quality medicinal plant materials (2) Inadvertent use of the wrong plant species (3) Adulteration w/ undeclared other medicines or potent substances (4) Contamination w/ undeclared toxic or hazardous substances (5) Inappropriate use by health-care professionals and consumers (6) Interactions w/ other medicines

The occurrence of adverse events from the use of herbal medicines are often associated with ___ (6)

Intrinsic Factor

This type of factor affecting the quality of plant materials include genetics

(1) Environment (2) Collection methods (3) Cultivation (4) Harvest (5) Post-harvest processing (6) Transport and storage practices

Extrinsic factors include the ___ (6)

Contamination

Undesired introduction of impurities or of foreign matter (chemical/microbiological) into the starting material or intermediate during production, sampling, packaging/repackaging, storage, or transport

TRUE

T/F: Plant materials obtained from the wild can also be contaminated by other species or plant parts through misidentification, accidental contamination, or intentional adulteration

FALSE: China, the European Union, and Japan

T/F: Only China, the United States, and Japan have developed quality control guidelines for the cultivation and collection of medicinal plants.

TRUE

T/F: WHO guidelines on GACP for medicinal plants are primarily intended to provide a general technical guidance on obtaining good quality medicinal plant materials for the sustainable production of herbal medicines

(1) Contribute to the QA of medicinal plants materials used as the source of medicines to improve the quality, safety, and efficacy of finished herbal products (2) Guide the formulation of national/regional GACP guidelines and GACP monographs for medicinal plants and related standard operating procedures (3) Encourage and support the sustainable cultivation and collection of good quality medicinal plants in ways that respect conservation of medicinal plants and the environment

These are the main objectives of GACP (3)

FALSE: 5 annexes

T/F: When it comes to the structure of the GACP, it is composed of 5 sections with 3 annexes.

Section 1

This section of the GACP provides a general introduction of the guidelines and contains the glossary of all of the important terms.

FALSE: Sections 2 & 3

T/F: Sections 3 & 4 discuss the goof agricultural and good collection practices for medicinal plants

Section 4

This section outlines common technical aspects of good agricultural and good collection practices for medicinal plants

Annex 1, 2, & 3

Among the annexes, this contains sample of national and regional documents on good agricultural practice for medicinal plants from the People's Republic of China, the European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal Products, and Japan

Annex 4

This contains sample model structures for monographs on good agricultural practices for specific medicinal plants

TRUE

T/F: Annex 5 contains the sample record for cultivated medicinal plants

Contamination

The undesired introduction of impurities or of foreign matter (chemical/microbiological) into the starting material or intermediate during production, sampling, packaging/repackaging, storage, or transport

Cross-contamination

The contamination of a starting material, intermediate, or finished product by a starting material or product during production

FALSE: It also includes herbs and herbal materials

T/F: Herbal medicines only include herbal preparations and finished herbal products

Herbs

This includes the crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts which may be entire, fragmented, or powdered

Herbal Materials

This includes fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins and dry powders of herbs.

TRUE

T/F: In some countries, herbal materials may be processed by various local procedures, such as steaming, roasting, or stir- baking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other materials.

Herbal Preparations

Produced by extraction, fractionation, purification, concentration, or by other physical or biological processes

(1) Comminuted, (2) Powdered herbal materials (3) Extracts (4) Tinctures (5) Fatty oils of herbal materials

Herbal preparations may include ___ (5)

TRUE

T/F: Herbal preparations also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages, honey, or in another materials

Medicinal Plant

Plant (wild or cultivated) used for medicinal purpose

Erosion

Process where water or wind moves soil from one location to another

(1) Sheet and rill (2) Gully (3) Ephemeral (4) Wind

The types of erosion include (4)

Sheet and rill erosion

This is the general washing away of a thin uniform sheet of soil. Soil is removed in many small channels or incisions caused by rainfall or irrigation run-off.

Gully erosion

These are channels or incisions cut by concentrated water run-off after heavy rains

Ephemeral erosion

A water-worn, short-lived or seasonal incision, wider, deeper, and longer then a rill but shallow and smaller than a gully

Wind erosion

Carrying away of dust and sediment by wind in areas of high prevailing winds or low annual rainfall

Integrated Past Management (IPM)

This is the integration of a number of available pest-control techniques that discourage pest-population development and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and safe for human health and the environment

FALSE; natural pest-control mechanisms

T/F: IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least disruption to agro-ecosystems, thereby encouraging artificial pest-control mechanisms.

Landrace

Early, cultivated form of a crop species evolved from a wild population which is generally composed of a heterogenous mixture of genotypes

Propagule

Any structure capable of giving rise to a new plant by either sexual or asexual reproduction (e.g. bulbils & leaf buds)

Sustainable use

Use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the need and aspirations of present and future generations