week one lecture notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the notes on nursing history, education, health care delivery, and legal/ethical aspects.

Nightingale Plan

One-year nurse training program with formal instruction and practical experience; operated independently from hospitals; strict admission procedures; student housing; progress tracking; established standards for practicing nurses.

Florence Nightingale

'Lady with the Lamp'; founder of modern nursing; shifted nursing education; established nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital; promoted sanitation, data use, and professional standards.

Saint Thomas Hospital School of Nursing

Nightingale-founded nursing school in London; model for structured, theory-plus-practice nursing education.

Bellevue Training School for Nurses

One of the first formal nursing schools in the United States (1873); adopted the Nightingale Plan and emphasized theory plus practical experience.

Pesthouses

Hospitals with poor hygiene and overcrowding; high infection and mortality rates; historically known as pesthouses.

Dorothea Dix

Pioneer for elevating standards of care for the mentally ill; organized the nursing corps during the Civil War.

Clara Barton

Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army; founder of the American Red Cross.

Mary Ann Ball

Civil War nurse heroine; organized diet kitchens, laundries, ambulance service, and nursing support for soldiers.

Linda Richards

First trained nurse in America; helped develop nurse-record documentation.

Isabel Hampton Robb

Organized the first graded theory-and-practice system in nursing schools; helped found the American Journal of Nursing.

Lavinia Dock

Co-founder of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools; advocate for nursing education and reform.

Mary Eliza Mahoney

First African American professional nurse; advocated for inclusion in the nursing profession.

Lillian D. Wald

Founder of the Henry Street Settlement; pioneer in public health nursing in the United States.

Mary Adelaide Nutting

Leader in nursing education; contributed to nursing education reform and curriculum development.

Mary Breckenridge

Founded Frontier Nursing Service; pioneer in nurse-midwifery; helped develop international nursing education concepts.

NLN (National League for Nursing)

Promotes nursing education standards; established Department of Practical Nursing Programs; accreditation evolved into the Council of Practical Nursing Programs.

NFLPN (National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses)

Professional organization for licensed practical/vocational nurses (LPN/LVNs).

NAPNES (National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service)

Organization supporting practical/vocational nursing education and service.

Three purposes of NAPNES/NFLPN

Promote education, elevate standards, and advance professional practice in practical/vocational nursing.

Nightingale’s hospital sanitation

Established sanitary conditions, routine cleaning, and laundry procedures; contributed to reduced mortality and improved patient well-being.

Nightingale Plan (education model)

A structured, independent education model with admission standards, supervision, and documented progress for nursing students.

Data visualization in nursing (Nightingale-era)

Use of graphs and charts (e.g., pie charts) to display research and outcomes to improve care.

Nursing education: evolution in the 19th–20th centuries

Shift from untrained care to structured, formal schools; emphasis on theory, hygiene, and professional standards.

Mary Breckenridge Frontier Nursing Service

Rural nurse-midwifery service; demonstrated community-based nursing and home-based obstetric care.

WWI and WWII impact on nursing

Expansion of roles, modernization of education, and growth of professional nursing organizations.

NLN (Department of Practical Nursing Programs)

NLN’s department focused on practical nursing programs and accreditation.

NCLEX-PN

National Council Licensure Examination for Practical Nurses; required for state licensure as an LPN/LVN.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; protects patient privacy and confidentiality; governs health information handling.

Health Care System

Complete network of agencies, facilities, and providers within a geographic area aiming for optimal health outcomes for a defined population.

Wellness-Illness Continuum

Range of a person’s total health; position shifts over time; emphasizes holistic health.

Maslow’s Hierarchy (Physiologic to Self-Actualization)

Physiologic needs → Safety/Security → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization; higher needs emerge as lower ones are satisfied.

Primary Prevention

Maintain wellness and prevent disease; health promotion and protective strategies (e.g., immunizations, lifestyle changes).

Secondary Prevention

Early disease detection and diagnosis; screening and early interventions (e.g., TB skin test, fecal occult blood test).

Tertiary Prevention

Reduce complications and disabilities from established diseases; rehabilitation and chronic condition management.

Continuity of Care

Seamless coordination across settings; shared information, consistent care plans, and ongoing patient-provider relationships.

Interdisciplinary Approach

Collaborative development of a comprehensive care plan; emphasizes effective communication and accurate documentation.

Nursing Care Models (Four concepts)

Nursing, Patient, Health, Environment—the four interrelated concepts guiding care.

NANDA-I

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International; standardized nursing diagnoses; may require adaptation for cultural diversity.

Transcultural Nursing

Nursing that integrates cultural variables into care to meet diverse patient needs.

Cultural Competence

Ability to deliver culturally appropriate care; awareness of unconscious bias; avoidance of stereotyping and cultural bias.

Culture vs Subculture

Culture: learned values and practices of a group; Subculture: a subgroup with distinct patterns within a larger culture.

Health Disparities

Preventable negative health outcomes disproportionately affecting socially/economically disadvantaged groups.

Culture, Race, Ethnicity

Race: biologic/physical characteristics; Ethnicity: shared heritage and traditions; avoid assumptions based on appearance or name.

Cultural Assessment Elements

Communication, Space, Time, Social organization—key factors in assessing cultural influence on care.

Religious Influences on Health Care

Religious beliefs impact health practices and decisions; important in culturally competent care.

NANDA-I vs Cultural Diversity

NANDA-I diagnoses may not always apply to culturally diverse patients; clinicians must adapt.

Advance Directives

Legal documents guiding patient’s health care decisions when unable to consent; include living wills and durable power of attorney.

Living Will

Advance directive specifying desired medical treatment if patient cannot express choices.

Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care

Designates a person to make health decisions when the patient is unable to do so.

PSDA (1991)

Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide information about patient rights to make decisions.

Autonomy

Freedom of personal choice in health care decisions.

Beneficence

Acting for the good of the patient.

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm in care delivery.

Justice

Fairness in distributing health resources and care.

Informed Consent

Voluntary agreement to treatment after being informed of risks, benefits, and alternatives.

DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)

Order indicating that CPR should not be performed in the event of cardiac arrest.

Passive vs Active Euthanasia and PAS

PAS: physician-assisted suicide; Euthanasia: deliberate ending of life; distinctions center on who ends life and how.

Ethical Code of Ethics

Formal statements guiding professional values and decision-making in nursing.

Reporting Unethical Behavior

Nurses have a duty to report observed violations; follow proper chain of command.

Good Samaritan Law

Legal protection for volunteers providing aid in emergencies under certain conditions.

Nurse Advocate

Nurse who defends and protects patient rights and interests.

Standards of Care

Obligations and guidelines for nursing performance; breaches can result in liability.

Nurse Practice Act

State laws that define scope of practice and professional standards for nursing.

Regulation of Practice (Criminal vs Civil Law)

Criminal law prosecutes public offenses; civil law handles disputes between individuals/entities and liability.

Common Law vs Statutory Law

Common Law: decisions based on precedent; Statutory Law: written laws enacted by government.

Privacy and Confidentiality (HIPAA)

Legal rights to privacy of health information; protection of patient data in health care.

Patient Rights in Health Care

Rights to quality care, safe environment, informed participation, privacy, and freedom from discrimination.

Accountability and Liability

Responsibility for actions; legal liability arises from failure to meet standard of care.