Lecture Exam Two (6.1 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue, 6.2 Hair and Nails, 6.3 Cutaneous Glands, 6.4 Skin Disorders)

This system consists of skin, hair, nails, and their associated glands

Integumentary system

The skin consists of these two layers

Epidermis and dermis

Thick skin has sweat glands but no __________ glands or ________________.

sebaceous, hair follicles

These are the main functions of the skin

Thermoregulation, sensation, expression, functions as a barrier, resistance to trauma and infection, and vitamin D synthesis

The epidermal cells are packed with the tough protein _________ and linked by strong ________ that give the epithelium its durability.

keratin, desmosomes

These characteristics of the skin keep bacteria and fungi in check

Relative dryness and slight acidity

The skin possess these antimicrobial peptides to prevent bacteria and fungi from growing

Dermcidin and defensins

This term refers to the skins protective acidic film

Acid mantle

True or False : The skin carries out the first step of vitamin D synthesis

True

Vitamin D is essential for the development and maintenance of these structures

Bones

After the skin, the ______ and the ______ complete the process of vitamin D synthesis

liver, kidney

In response to chills, the body retains heat by _________ blood vessels of the dermis

constricting

In response to overheating, the body loses excess heat by ________ blood vessels of the dermis

dialating

The ________ is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

epidermis

The epidermis lacks ____________ and depends on the _________ of nutrients from underlying connective tissue.

blood vessels, diffusion

The epidermis is composed of these five types of cells

Keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells

These cells make up the great majority of the epidermis and synthesize keratin

Keratinocytes

These are undifferentiated cells of the epidermis that give rise to keratinocytes

Stem cells

Stem cells are only found in this layer of the epidermis

Stratum basale

These cells of the epidermis synthesize varieties of the pigment melanin

Melanocytes

Melanocytes are only found in this layer of the epidermis

Stratum basale

These are immune cells found in the epidermis that alert the immune system of invaders

Dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are only found in these layer of the epidermis

Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

Dendritic cells of the epidermis originate here

Bone marrow

These are the layer of the epidermis (Deep to superficial)

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Keratinocytes are bound to each other by ______________, which makes an essential contribution to water retention

Tight junctions

This layer of the epidermis is only seen within thickskin

Stratum lucidum

Keratinocytes are densely packed with this clear protein within the stratum lucidum

Eleidin

This layer of the epidermis is made up of layers of dead keratinized cells (Resists abrasion)

Stratum corneum

Keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by the mitosis of ________ cells in the stratum __________.

stem, basale

True or False : Some of the deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum divide into new keratinocytes

True

Deep keratinocytes and stem cells of the epidermis get oxygen and nutrients for mitosis from these structures

Blood vessels within the dermis

The migration of keratinocytes to the surface if _________ in old age and ________ in skin that has been injured or stressed

slower, faster

As keratinocytes are pushed upward towards the surface, they produce more keratin filaments and lipid filled ____________ granules which causes the cells to _________.

Lamellar, flatten

In the stratum __________, Lamellar granules release a ________ mixture that spreads out over the cell surface and waterproofs it.

granulosum, lipid

This is a connective tissue layer located under the epidermis

Dermis

These are the upward waves seen within the boundary between the epidermis and dermis

Dermal papillae

The dermal papillae form the ________________ that produce fingerprints on our fingers.

Friction ridges

in highly sensitive areas, exceptionally tall dermal papillae allow _______________ and _____________ to reach close to the surface.

blood capillaries, nerve fibers

These are the two layers of the dermis

papillary layer and reticular layer

This layer of the dermis is the thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae

Papillary layer

This is the main function of the papillary layer of the dermis

Allows mobility of leukocytes

This is the thickest layer of the dermis that consists of dense irregular connective tissue

Reticular layer

Different varieties and amounts of this create variations in skin and hair color

Melanin

These are the two classes of integumentary melanin

Eumelanin (Dark) and pheomelanin (Lighter)

Melanin is synthesized by epidermal _____________ of the stratum ___________, but they pass it off to the _________ which accumulate it.

melanocytes, basale, keratinocytes

True or False : Individuals who have darker skin have a greater amount of melanocytes

False

True or False : Ultraviolet rays of sunlight stimulate melanin secretion

True

This is a blue or gray hue of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood

Cyanosis

This is abnormal redness of the skin (Common sign of infection and inflammation)

Erythema

This is a genetic lack of melanin

Albinism

This is the yellow of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood

Jaundice

This is a product of hemoglobin breakdown

Bilirubin

This is a bruise of a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin

Hematoma

These are the accessory organs of the skin

Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

This term also refers to hair

Pilus

These are the three kinds of hair we grow over our lifetime

Downy, vellus, and terminal

This is fine unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

Downy (lanugo) hair

By the time of birth, this type of hair replaces downy hair

Vellus hair

This type of hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented

Terminal hair

True or False : The only living cells of hair are in and near the bulb

True

The bulb grows around a bud of vascular connective tissue called the ___________, which provides the hair with is sole source of nutrition.

dermal papillae

This is a region of mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla which is considered the hairs growth center

Hair matrix

These are the three layers of hair from the inside out

Medulla, cortex, and cuticle

This is diagonal tube that contains the hair root

Hair follicle

These are the two principle layers of a hair follicle

Epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath

Each hair has this bundle of smooth muscle

Arrector muscle

This is a response to cold, fear, touch, or other stimuli that makes our hair stand on end

Piloerection

These are the two types of sweat glands

Apocrine and Eccrine

True or False : Apocrine sweat glands use the apocrine secretion method

False (They still use exocytosis)

The ducts of apocrine glands leading into nearby _____________ rather that directly to the skin surface.

hair follicles

This is why apocrine sweat is thicker and more milky than eccrine sweat

It contains more fatty acids

True or False : apocrine glands are not active till puberty

True

This is the primary function of the widely distributed eccrine glands

Cool the body

________ glands produce and oily secretion called _________.

Sebaceous, sebum

These are modified apocrine glands that are only found in the external ear canal

Ceruminous glands

These are modified apocrine glands that produce a rich secretion during pregnancy

Mammary glands

These are the three types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

This is the most common type of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma

This type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes within the stratum spinosum

Squamous cell carcinoma

This is the most deadly form of skin cancer

Melanoma