micro exam #4 review questions

gram positive cocci

on a gram stain the ______ would be purple spheres/purple circles

gram negative cocci

on a gram stain the ____ would be pinkish red spheres/circles

clusters of purple spheres

what would staphylococcus (gram positive cocci that is a common inhabitant of the skin and mucous membrane) look like underneath the microscope in a gram stain

yes

will staph aureus be able to grow in high salt and high temps

staphylokinase

which enzyme produced by staph aureus is going to digest/dissolve blood clots

coagulase

which enzyme produced by staph aureus is going to coagulate blood plasma and reduce phagocytosis

hemolysin

which toxin produced by staph aureus is going to lyse red blood cells

enterotoxin (B)

which toxin produced by staph aureus will induce nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

leukocyte (leukotoxin)

which toxin produced by staph aureus is going to lyse neutrophils and macrophages

hyaluronidase

which enzyme produced by staph aureus is going to digest connective tissues in the host allowing it to contribute to the spreading of staph aureus

lipase

which enzyme produced by staph aureus is going to digest lipids and oils allowing the bacteria to more easily colonize the skin

exfoliative toxin A and B

which toxin produced by staph aureus is going to cause the desquamation (peeling or shedding of the outer skin layer) of the skin

penicillinase (beta-lactamse)

which enzyme produced by staph aureus is going to inactivate penicillin, which renders the staph aureus/bacteria resistant to penicillin

toxin shock syndrome (TSST)

which toxin produced by staph aureus is going to endue fever, vomiting, rash, and organ damage

staph aureus (staphylococcus aureus)

which gram positive bacteria can be easily isolated from fomites (inanimate/ nonliving objects like doorknobs and furniture surfaces)

catalase test

what test can you use to separate staph from strep

mannitol salts agar

which agar is specific to being able to identify pathogenic staph

strep pyogenes

which strep is going to produce strep throat

staph aureus

which bacteria is going to have carriage in the anterior nares, skin, nasal pharynx, and intestines

strep pyogenes

which bacteria is going to inhabit the throat, nasal pharynx, and occasionally the skin

erythrogenic toxin

which toxin produced by strep pyogenes is going to induce fever and a typical red rash

hemolysin

which toxin produced by streptococcus will allow it to hemolyze red blood cells

streptococcus pyogenes

which bacteria can cause systemic infections and progressive sequela if left untreated

staphylococcus aureus (because of the sweat that is salty)

which bacteria can grow in athletic padding or athletic gear

people with poor hygiene or poor nutrition, someone with a tissue injury, people who already have a preexisting primary infection, people with diabetes or immunodeficiencies

who is most often predisposed to getting a staphylococcus aureus infection

MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)

what do you call staph aureus that is now resistant to methicillin

furuncle

which cutaneous staph infection is a boil that is inflammation of the hair follicle or sebaceous gland which progresses into an abscess or pustule

carbuncle

which cutaneous/skin infection caused by staphylococcal bacteria is a larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of a cluster of furuncles

impetigo

what staphylococcal skin or cutaneous infection has bubble like swellings that can break or peel away and is most commonly found in newborns. It can be caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus

if the inflammation is just in the follicles it is called folliculitis and if the inflammation lands in the glands as well it is caused hidradenitis

a superficial inflammation of hair follicles and glands. Usually, it is resolved with no complications but in some cases it can progress. is a staphylococcal skin or cutaneous infection

osteomyelitis

what is a staphylococcal infection that is established in the metaphysis of long bones and it forms an abscess in the bone

bacteremia (bacteria is introduced into the body from another site or medical device like a catheter (that has the bacteria in it and then is inserted in the body . once in the blood it’s called bacteremia. once its in the blood for a while it can induce endocarditis)

what is a staphylococcus infection whos primary origin is from bacteria from another infected site or a medical device (like catheter) that can eventually lead to endocarditis

food intoxication

which of the staphylococcal pyogenic diseases is an ingestion of heat stable enterotoxins and it will cause gastrointestinal distress

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

which staphylococcal toxigenic disease is when the toxin induces bright red flush blisters on the skin and then desquamation (peeling) of the epidermis

toxic shock syndrome

what is a toxemia from staph aureus it can also be from staph pyogenes which leads to shoch and organ failure. it is usually caused by wearing a tampon too long

vancomycin

If your MRSA is resistant to multiple drugs then what is the drug of choice to treat it

it is called VRSA (vancomycin resistant staph aureus) and treat it with synercid

if the MRSA becomes resistant to vancomycin what is it called and what do we treat it with

1. good hygiene

2. hand washing

3. universal precaution (when in the hospital you treat everybody like there infected)

what is the best couple of ways to prevent staphylococcal infections

sheet blood agar

we can identify different streptococcus by the hemolysis on a ____

streptococcus pneumoniae, strep viridans, and strep group d

which streps will have alpha hemolysis

is a partial lysing of red blood cells and leaves a greenish zone around the bacterial colony growth

what is alpha hemolysis and what does it look like

strep pyogenes (group a strep)

which streptococcus is going to have beta hemolysis

a complete lysing of the red blood cells and you will see a clear zone or clear halo around bacterial growth

what is beta hemolysis and what does it look like

no lysing of red blood cells so no zone whatsoever around bacterial growth

what does gamma hemolysis look like

can be a silent carrier. meaning you might not come down with the infection but can pass it to patients even by just breathing in their room. you (carriers for staph aureus who work in the hospital) will need to be treated for several months with the combination of what 2 antibiotics?

Bactroban (mupirocin) and dicloxacillin

what happens if hospital workers are colonized with staph aureus or carry the staph aureus in their nasal passages/nose

95%

what percentage of staphylococcus has the enzyme penicillinase which allows it to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin

impetigo (pyoderma) (pyo means heat, so fever in the skin)

what is a skin infection caused by staph (can also be caused by strep) that has superficial lesions that break and form highly contagious crusts. its often epidemic in school children, its also associated with insect bites, poor hygiene, and crowded conditions

erysipelas

what type of skin infection has the pathogen entering in through the broken skin spreading to the dermis and the subcutaneous tissues, can be superficial or it can become systemic

necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease)

what is a staphylococcal infection that enters cuts and abrasions on the skin, it spreads rapidly through the skin tissue, it can lead to tissue death or sever disfigurement or even death

because streptococcus (which is one cause of necrotizing fasciitis) has enzymes that can digest connective tissue and it can produce toxins which poison the skin cells (the epidermal and dermal skin cells) causing them to decay and die off

why does necrotizing fasciitis spread so fast and cause tissue death

strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)

which infection is going to cause a purulent exudate over the tonsils (meaning it oozes a kind of white pussy coating over the tonsils), it can lead to redness of the throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever

streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep)

which bacteria causes strep throat/streptococcal pharyngitis

streptococcus pyogenes or strep throat

which bacterial infection can lead to scarlet fever and serious sequelae

1. scarlet fever (strep pyogenes causes this because it produces an erythrogenic toxin)

2. septicemia (blood poisoning) (when the strep gets in the blood and produces its toxins)

3. pneumoniae (went from the throat to down into the lungs)

4. streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

what are 4 systemic infections that you can get with a streptococcal pyogenes infection

1. rheumatic fever

2. acute Glomerulonephritis

what are the 2 long term complications of a strep pyogenes infection. these are both called sequelae

otitis media (ear infection)

which of the following is not a possible complication of strep throat

A. rheumatic fever

B. otitis media

C. scarlet fever

D. acute Glomerulonephritis

acute Glomerulonephritis

which disease state is going to have inflammation inside the kidney, increased blood pressure, occasional heart failure, and can lead to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure

rheumatic fever

which disease state is going to follow a clinical pharyngitis (or strep throat) in children, it will cause carditis with extensive heart valve damage being possible. it can also cause arthritis and fever

streptococcus agalactiae

which bacteria is going to reside in the vagina, the pharynx (throat), and the large intestine. it can be transferred from the mom to the baby during delivery

neonatal pneumoniae, neonatal sepsis, and meningitis (so all pregnant women have to be screened and treated for this before they have the baby)

when the baby is being born the mother who has streptococcus agalactiae has an infected birth canal. what are the complications the baby can have from being born though this strep agalactiae.

wound and skin infections, and endocarditis in debilitated (immunocompromised) people

in adults strep agalactiae can cause what kind of infections

strep group D specifically Enterococcus faecalis

which bacteria is going to cause opportunistic urinary, wound, and skin infections particularly in debilitated patients (like elderly, nursing home patients, people in coma)

the human large intestine

where does Enterococcus faecalis normally colonize the human body (where does it normally live)

streptococcus viridans group

which bacteria can cause bacteremia, meningitis, abdominal infections, tooth abscesses, and could turn into a subacute endocarditis

it will colonize dental areas and when you do a tooth dental procedure it will go from the wound down into the blood stream where it will then go down into the heart, where it can cause subacute endocarditis and inflammation of the heart lining

how does the streptococcus viridans group go from a tooth abscess to subacute endocarditis

subacute endocarditis

the signs and symptoms of _____ are going to be fever, heart murmur, valves leak blood, and can possibly cause a blood clot

streptococcus mutans

which bacteria is associated with dental caries (cavities) and plaque

streptococcus mutans

_______ produces a slime layer on the teeth that allows it to adhere to the teeth, once that slime layer begins to harden it forms the plaque, and if it stays there it will cause dental caries (cavity)

would have to have prophylactic antibiotics before the surgery or procedure. would have to take them for about a week before

what happens if a person has streptococcus mutans but they need to go in and have a dental procedure or surgery

streptococcus penumoniae

which bacteria is going to cause 60-70% of all bacterial pneumonias

pneumonia and otitis media (ear infection)

what 2 conditions does streptococcus pneumoniae cause

Neisseria (gonorrhoeae?)

which bacteria is going to be a gram-negative bean shaped diplococcus

Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis

what are the 2 primary Neisseria pathogens

it is an STD. Transmitted sexually

Neisseria gonorrhea is what type of disease. in other words how do you get it

fimbriae (pili) and IgA protease

what are 2 factors that contribute to the Neisseria gonorrhea’s pathogenicity

50%

what percentage of females are asymptomatic with gonorrhea

10%

what percentage of males are asymptomatic with gonorrhea

vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina)

urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)

salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian (uterine) tubes)

pelvic inflammatory disease which can also cause infertility

what are some of the complications that you get with gonorrhea with females

between 100 and 1000 colony forming units

what is the infectious dose of gonorrhea

gonorrhea

is in the top 5 STDs, it is strictly a human infection (doesn’t go to other mammals)

1-2 hours

how long does gonorrhea survive on fomites (inanimate/nonliving objects)

painful urination, discharge from the penis or vagina, or pain during sex due to the pelvic inflammatory disease that gonorrhea can cause

what are some symptoms of gonorrhea

can cause an infection of the pharynx (throat), infection of the respiratory tract, and can lead to Ophthalmia neonatorum(blindness due to an eye infection)

what condition can happen to a baby being born through the birth canal if the mom has a Neisseria gonorrhea infection

they would get prophylactic eyedrops, to prevent the infection getting in their eyes reducing the chance of blindness

if a woman has Neisseria gonorrhea what happens to the baby immediately after birth

that they have been sexually abused

if gonorrhea is found in children other than babies what does this signify

Neisseria meningococcus (meningitidis)

what bacteria can cause cerebrospinal meningitis

petechiae

what are the crops of lesions called that develop on the trunk and appendages in about half of the cases of Neisseria meningitidis

iv penicillin, give cephalosporin, and give Menactra

how do you treat a meningococcal infection

Chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin agar

what are the 2 medias used to grow Neisseria gonorrhea