Isms

Cosmopolitism

cosmopoilitsism is the belief that all human beings belong to a single global community, and that moral obligations - especially regarding human rights - should apply universally, regardless of national borders

key principle

• universal human rights

• global justice amd accountability

• international cooperation to protect indiviodulas

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• hrw and other ngos are driven by cosmoplotism values, and that there needs to be juctice, there needs to be a punishment for the breach of human rights

• cosmoplolitism uderpins interational law norms invoked in thsi case, genocride convention, iccpr

• the us genocide declaration and un ohchr report also reflect cosmoplolitism commuittments, assserting that righst violations in one state are a concern for all

• evelaute the significance of global actors

• analyse jpw political actors shape their actions

realpolitik

realpolitik refers to foreigh policy nased on pragmatic, stratgic, and often power-driven calculationsrather than ideals or ethnical consideration

• interests over ethics

• national secirtity

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• some states avoid cristising China due to econmomd dependence or startegic alliamces - many global south states voted agisnt denating the un report in the 2022

• china uses it economic power, through belt and road and trade relationships, to discourage international condemnation

• evne liberal democracies sometimes temper critiscm whne economic or geopolitcial costs are high (eg germanys earlier aution in dealing with china)

• un human rights council vote (oct 22)

• the uhrc rejected a motion to hold a devate on the uhrc 2022 report documentaioing serious human rights violation in xingjan

• the duelling letters (2019)

  in july 2019, 22 mostly western democracioes (eg. uk, germany, canada and australia) submitted a letter to the unhrc cristising chinas avtions in xingjiang

• shorting afterwards over 50 states, includng many muslim-majority and global south countrues, submitted a counter-letter defending china, prasing its ‘counter-terriosm

• analyse yhe impact of politcal actors interests

• discuss challenges to rsolution

saudi arabia

• china is Suadi arabias latgest tarding partner; bilateral trade surpassed $87 billion in 2021

• china is a major oil buyer and a growing

realism

is a theory of international relationships that view states as the primary actors, pursuing survival, power and national interest in an anarchic international system

• sovereignty is sacrosanct (can not be touched)

• international law is secondary to power

• conflict in a realist world is always inevitable

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ccp emobidies realism in prioritisng internal satbility and national unity above extenrla critism

chinas rejevctio of the ohchr report and efforts to block un devated are realist in defeding soverignty and influcunce

the usa also acts realist when framing the crisis as part of startegic competotio , rather than moral concern

liberal internationalism

• liberal internationalism supprorts the ideas that states should work through internarional institutions, law, and diplomacy to promote peace, coo[pertaion, and the human rights

• internarioal organisations

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the un eu and evne parts of us foreign policy reflect liberal internationalist thinking: using reports sanctions, and multlateral diplomacy to responc to china

the ohchr report is a tool of legal and normative pressure, rooted in this perspcective