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Postmortem Toxicology
Investigation of drugs, gases, metals, or other toxic chemicals in a decedent to determine contribution to death.
Human-Performance Toxicology
Toxicology focusing on living subjects to assess performance and behavioral impact of substances.
Case History Gathering
Elements collected before laboratory work including age, sex, weight, medical history, and medications.
Specimen Collection During Autopsy
Collection of multiple organs and fluids to analyze drug concentration, such as brain, liver, and blood.
Vitreous Humor
A fluid that resists putrefaction and is slower to chemically decay, often collected in postmortem analysis.
Metabolite Knowledge
Understanding drug metabolites to assist in identification using FDA & DEA libraries.
GC-MS
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, a method for confirming drug presence by separating and analyzing compounds.
ICP-OES
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy, a technique that screens for metals.
Back-Extrapolation
A method to estimate a person's Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at the time of an incident based on later measurements.
Field Sobriety Testing
Assessment procedures used to evaluate a person's impairment due to alcohol or drugs before a chemical BAC test.
Legal BAC Limit in the U.S.
0.08% is the legal blood alcohol concentration limit for driving in the United States.
Oxidation in Liver
The process of breaking down alcohol into acetaldehyde and acetic acid during metabolism.
Absorption Rate of Alcohol
Approximate absorption is 20% in the stomach and 80% in the small intestine.
Dose Estimation
Calculation of the minimal administered dose based on concentration in organs and their masses.
Implied-Consent Laws
Laws that penalize refusal of alcohol testing with license suspension.
Toxic Metabolite Formation
The process by which substances like methanol or ethylene glycol produce toxic by-products.
Intoxilizer
A breath-testing device that uses infrared spectroscopy to measure blood alcohol concentration.
Alco-Sensor
A type of breath analyzer using a fuel cell technology to measure the amount of oxidized alcohol.
Specimen Labeling
Important procedure to label and date samples, including case number and pathologist's signature.
Blood Analysis
The gold standard for measuring BAC, requiring medical conditions for collection.
Deceased's Medical History
A key factor in case history gathering, aiding in toxicological investigations.
Chronic Intake Effects on Liver
Long-term alcohol consumption increases liver enzymes that may affect testosterone levels.
Oral Intake Pathway
Route by which poisons or medications enter through the gastrointestinal system.
Postmortem Redistribution
A process where drug levels in the heart blood may increase postmortem, affecting analysis.
Gastric Emptying Rate
A factor that influences the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream.
Alcohol Pharmacokinetics
Study of how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body.
Legal Evolution of BAC Laws
Progression of laws regulating blood alcohol concentration levels and DUI enforcement in the U.S.
Colorimetric Measurement at 420 nm
The measurement used in breathalyzers to indicate alcohol concentration based on color change.
Electron Flow Measurement in Alco-Sensor
An output mechanism in the Alco-Sensor that correlates with the amount of oxidized alcohol.
Presumptive Tests
Initial screening assays for drugs such as opiates and barbiturates before confirmation.
Dose-Response Relationship
The correlation between the dose of a substance and the severity of its effects.
Breath Testing Technologies
Various methods to assess alcohol concentration in breath samples, such as Breathalyzer and Intoxilizer.