Lecture Exam 1 Content (in progress)

need to add remaining macromolecules and cellular organization

what is the afferent pathway

the pathway before the “control centre” in homeostatic feedback loops

what is the efferent pathway

the pathway after the “control centre” in homeostatic feedback loops

extrinsic regulation

regulation that occurs in the nervous and/or endocrine system.

autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

when an internal structure reacts to the stimulus. a change in the cell, tissue or organ. happening within.

Negative feedback consists of the system “shutting off” whereas positive feedback systems consist of "overloading” the system.

explain the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms

• increased risk of disease

• complications with aging

• increased risk of destructive positive feedback loops

what are some of the issues associated with chronic homeostatic imbalance

Labour and Blood clotting

what are two examples of a positive feedback loop

dorsal cavity

consists of the vertebral cavity and the cranial cavity which protects the central nervous system.

ventral cavity

consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities which protects the viscera

vertebral cavity

the cavity within the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord.

cranial cavity

the cavity that houses the brain and is surrounded by the skull.

thoracic cavity

The part of the ventral cavity located above the diaphragm, containing the lungs and heart.

abdominopelvic cavity

the cavity located below the diaphragm that contains the digestive organs, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

visceral

referring to the serous membrane directly touching the organ(s)

parietal

reffering to the serous membrane lining the cavity

pleura

a serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs.

pericardial

referring to the serous membrane around the heart

peritoneum

relating to the serous membrane around the digestive organs

perspiration and thermoregulation

what function does high heat vapourization provide for humans?

prevents accessive fluctuation in core body temperature to prevent things like frostbite.

what is the function of a high heat capacity in the human body

Carbohydrates (sugars)

which macromolecules are hydrophilic

Lipids (fats)

which Macromolecules are Hydrophobic

Diabetes Mellitus

What is the cause of Ketoacidosis

• bicarbonate buffer system

• respiratory compensation

• carbonic acid- bicarbonate

what are the three types of buffer systems

Acidosis

when the blood pH drops below 7.35

Alkalosis

when the blood pH rises above 7.45

7.35-7.45

What is the homeostatic range of blood pH

Monosaccharides

What is the monomer of a Carbohydrate?

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

What are the three monosaccharides?

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose

What are the three Disaccharides that we need to know?

Cellulose, Glycogen, and Starch

What are the three polysaccharides that we need to know?

The middle Monomer in cellulose is mirrored which makes it difficult for animals to digest.

What is the difference between Cellulose and Starch?

• Saturated fats contain only single bonds and are found in solid form at room temperature

• unsaturated fats contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

• Trans fats contain an extra Hydrogen (hydrogenated fats) to “fix” the structure of an unsaturated fat to remain solid at room temperature (ex. margarine)

What are the differences between a saturated, unsaturated and trans fats

• fatty acids

• eicosanoids

• glycerides

• phospholipids

• glycolipids

• steroids

what are the 6 classes of Lipids

Amino Acids

What are the monomers of Proteins?

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?

an unsaturated fat has a bend at the double bond between carbons

What is the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fats?

a glycerol and three fatty acid groups

What are triglycerides formed from

Cholesterol

What is the most important steroid in the body