Fripty Free SLP Set 1 - Student Developed - Fripty Approved - www.fripty.com

In healthy adults, how many times per minute to individuals inhale and exhale during normal respiration?

12-18

What are the muscles involved in inspiration?

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out

Serrates posterior superior: elevates rib cage

Levator costarium brevis: elevates rib cage

Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage

What are the muscles involved in expiration?

Internal intercostal muscles

Latissimus dorsi

Rectum abdominis

Transverse abdominis

Internal oblique abdominal

Quadrates lumborum

What structures are involved in respiration?

Lungs

Bronchi

Trachea

Spinal column

Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process

Rib cage

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?

It's a theory of phonation. VF closure -> build up of sub glottal air pressure -> pressure blows the folds apart -> folds vibrate -> air moves through glottal opening, decreasing pressure -> folds sucked back together.

What are the laryngeal cartilages?

Hyoid bone

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Arytenoids

Corniculates

Discuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds.

Vocal folds:

They have three layers

Epithelium: the outer cover.

Lamina propia: the middle.

Vocalis muscle: the body

Aryepiglottic folds:

They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway.

Ventricular folds:

Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies.

What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation?

internal thyroarytenoid: it's the primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds.

cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses vocal folds.

oblique and transverse arytenoid: contract and pull arynteoids together for adduction.

posterior cricoarynteoid: abducts

lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts

What are the extrinsic muscles involved in phonation?

Elevators:

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Genioglossus

Depressors:

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid

Sternothryoid

Sternohyoid

How many/what type of teeth do we have? ---

32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar and 6 molar

What are the parts of the tongue?

tip, blade, dorsum, root and lingual frenulum

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what cranial nerve innervates them?

All innervated by CN 12

Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip upward.

Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip downward.

Transverse muscle: elongates tongue

Vertical muscle: narrows tongue

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and which cranial nerve innervates them?

All innervated by CN 12

Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward

Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back

Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue

Chondroglossus: depresses tongue

Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum

What are the muscles of the pharynx and their primary action?

salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall

stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx

superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward

middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx

inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx

What are the muscles of the soft palate and their primary action?

levator veli palatini: elevates velum

tensor veli palatini: tenses velum

palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum

palatopharyngeus: lowers velum

What are the structures of the hard palate?

Pre maxilla

Palatine process

What are the muscles of the mandible?

Elevators:

Masseter

Temporalis

Pterygoid

Depressors:

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Name the cranial nerves:

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Spinal accessory

Hypoglossal

Trigeminal: function and damage

Provides sensory information to face. It has three branches.

Ophthalmic: nose and eyes

Maxillary: lip, maxilla, upper cheek

Mandibular: lower teeth

Provides motor information to the jaw.

Damage could result in an inability to close mouth and chew.

Facial: function and damage

Provides sensory information to anterior 2/3 of tongue.

Provides motor information to muscles of the face.

Damage could result in a mask like appearance.

Vestibulocochlear: function and damage ---There are two branches. The vestibular branch and acoustic branch. Provides sensory information.

Damage could result in hearing loss or balance issues or both.

Glossopharyngeal: function and damage

Provides sensory information to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Provides motor information to muscles of pharynx (some)

Damage could result in loss of taste, difficulty swallowing and damage to the gag reflex.

Vagus: function and damage

Provides sensory and motor information to some muscles of larynx and pharynx.

There is the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is responsible for intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothryoid)

The pharyngeal branch is responsible for the pharyngeal constrictors and most muscles of velum (except tensor tympani)

Damage could result in swallowing issues, velum paralysis and voice problems

Spinal accessory: function and damage

Provides motor information to head and shoulder and some soft palate.

Damage could result in neck weakness, inability to turn head, shrug or raise arms

Hypoglossal: function and damage ---Provides motor information to all intrinsic and some extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Damage could result in tongue paralysis, unintelligible speech and swallowing issues

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Processing hearing information and comprehending speech. Contains primary auditory cortex, Heschl's gyrus and Wernicke's area.

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Important for planning, decision making, etc.

Contains important speech structures, such as Broca's, primary motor cortex (aka motor strip. controls voluntary movements) and the supplementary motor cortex (helps with motor planning of speech)

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Contains the primary somatic sensory area, which integrates somesthetic information (pressures, pain, temperature, touch). Also contains supra marginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

What are the structures of the cerebrum?

Longitudinal fissure: goes along middle of hemispheres

Central sulcus: divides frontal and parietal

Lateral fissure: divides frontal and temporal

Cerebellum: function and damage

It acts as a modulator for neural activity.

It regulates balance, posture and fine motor movements

Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia. Loss of voluntary control.

Basal ganglia: function and damage

The basal ganglia is a highly complex system of neural pathways that receive input and relay messages back to the brain via the thalamus.

Damage to the BG results in unusual body postures, dysarthria, involuntary movements, changes in body tone. It's part of the extrapyramidal system which regulates motor movements.

Discuss the brainstem and its structures

Contains midbrain, pons and medulla

The midbrain, aka mesencephalon, controls motor and sensory reflexes.

The pons, aka metencehpalon, transmit information relative to movement from the hemispheres to the cerebellum. they act as a message station.

The medulla houses several cranial nerves for speech production

Discuss the diencephalon and its structures

It is located above the midbrain.

Thalamus: relays sensory information to various parts of the brain.

Hypothalamus: integrates actions of the ANS, such as hunger, thirst, emotions.

Discuss the automatic nervous system

The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight". Causes heart to accelerate, raises blood pressure. increases blood flow to various areas of the body.

The parasympathetic system is what relaxes you.

Efferent vs Afferent

Efferent are motor neurons that carry nerves away from CNS to muscles

Afferent are sensory neurons that carry nerves toward CNS.

LMN vs UMN

LMN go from spinal nerves to muscles

UMN are in the CNS

Discuss the pyramidal system and its tracts

The pyramidal system is responsible for providing muscle movement to muscles of the head, neck and limbs. This is a direct activation pathway. The fiber tracts of this system originate in cerebral cortex and go to muscles.

In the corticospinal tract, the nerve fibers begin in pre central gyrus (aka motor strip), goes through midbrain, pons and then about 80-85% of the nerve fibers decussate at medulla. Then they synapse at the anterior horn and communicate to the spinal nerves. they start in cortex and end in spine, which is why it's called corticospinal.

In the corticobulbar tract, the nerve fibers begin in motor cortex, go to the brainstem and synapse with the cranial nerves , then decussate.

Discuss the extrapyramidal system

It's the "extra" that controls the postural support needed for fine motor movements. It's indirect and influences LMN. Damage results in involuntary movement, bizarre postures, unusual movement patterns. Examples include spasms, tremors, myoclonus and dystonia.

Discuss the meninges

Protect the brain.

Pia

Arachnoid

Dura

Discuss the cerebral ventricles

The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, which is responsible for nourishment, removal of waste and protection, and it travels via the ventricles. There are lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle.

Hydrocephalus is a buildup of CSF.