BSU College Biology Final

Which would you have the most confidence in A randomized clinical trial with 15K subjects or a randomized clinical trial with 5000 subjects?

15,000

A p value less than .05 is considered statistically significant. Would a p value of .001 be statistically significant?

Yes, it is even more statistically significant.

What is the unit for length, mass, volume in science?

Mass = grams, length = meters, volume = liters or cubic centimeters

What is the importance of statistical analysis?

It can be used to support or reject a hypothesis and also determine if differences are real or by chance.

Define correlation? Is correlation causation?

A consistent relationship between two variables. No

Which microscope can be used for living organisms?

Compound light microscope

Would this be considered a hypothesis: long term pot smokers have fewer problem solving skills than non drug users.

Yes

When making an epidemiological study, which of the following should you avoid? Opinions, small sample size, complexity of disease, not having randomized subjects, no placebo or control.

Avoid all of those things. If you don’t’ understand the complexity of the disease, you might make assumptions.

Define hypothesis

Educated guess to explain an observation. It must be testable and may or may not be proven correct.

Define statistical significance.

A measure of confidence that results obtain are real and not due to chance. P value of .05

List reliable sources of information.

Most to least reliable : scientific journals, articles written by a scientist in a magazine, journal articles, public opinion, your gossip friend.

Define Independent variable

Only 1 factor is changed in a controlled experiment

If you are testing the new corona virus pill, you have a group that gets the pill and one that gets a placebo sugar pill. Why do you give group 2 a sugar pill?

Both groups need to be doing the same behavior. If one group doesn’t take a pill does that affect their mental and physical behaviors?

What are the steps in a scientific study?

Observation, generate questions, research generate a hypothesis, test hypothesis, collect data, draw conclusions

What is an experimental group and a control group?

Control group is the group that is not receiving the independent variable. The experimental group does.

What is the EARLIEST step in the scientific process?

Asking a question about an observation

What is peer review and why is it important?

It allows other scientists to verify your experiment and data as accurate, it allows other scientists to learn from and alter your experiment to move further in research, it allows other scientists to repeat your experiment.

Put in correct order (read literature, experiment, ask questions, conclusion, form a hypothesis.

Ask questions, read literature, hypothesize, experiment, draw conclusions.

What does a correlation in a scientific study mean?

Possible link between two variables

What is anecdotal evidence?

Observations people have that have not been tested or supported by data

What are the 3 macronutrients?

Proteins, carbs, fats

Give an example of a polymer.

Molecules made up of smaller repeating subunits

What are the characteristics of living things?

Reproduce, DNA, respiration, use energy, grow or develop, homeostasis

When an element has no charge, what does this mean?

It means that the number of protons and electrons are the same.

What are lipids? What are their functions?

Macromolecules that help in hormones, energy storage, cell membrane structure, insulation

List several properties of water.

Have adhesion and cohesion, universal solvent, polar molecule, solid at 0 degrees C.

Why are vitamins and minerals so important?

Enzymes that help in metabolism cannot perform, chemical reactions in the body will not take place and diseases will ensue.

What the building blocks of macromolecules?

Amino acids, mono saccharides or simple sugars, glycerol, fatty acids

What is an enzyme?

A specialized protein used in metabolism

What is catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism breaks chemical bonds, anabolism builds them

Which below are monomers, polymers?

Polymers: DNA, protein, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, monomers are lipids, glucose, nucleotides, amino acids

Using Infographic 2.1, Which elements are isotopes and which are ions?

Carbon is a isotope (hydrogen is not usually considered one and wont’ be an answer on the the test, magnesium is an ion

Y/N do enzymes lower activation energy for a reaction? Do they speed up a reaction?

Yes yes

Using infographic 4.1, Label A-D.

A substrate, B enzyme, C enzyme substrate complex, D product

Cell surface markers are important. What are they made of?

They are the Flags on the cell surface that tell other cells that they are your cells and a specific tissue. They are glycoproteins and are part protein and part sugar.

Use infographic 3.6. Label each one.

A simple diffusion, B facilitated diffusion, C active transport

Put in correct order tissue, cell, organism, organ, organ system,

Simplest to complex, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, organ donor (haha)

What do facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion have in common?

They are both moving molecules, not water from a higher to a lower concentration. They do not need energy to take place.

What does hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic mean? If I had a fish, bacteria, and plant that lived in a pond, and I put it into pure deionized water, what would happen to each organism’s cells

Hypo is when a cell is placed in pure water. Iso, the same concentration inside as outside the cell, hyper more concentrated solutions are outside the cell and water will leave the cell to dilute the concentration. All will take in water since they were placed into a HYPOtonic solution. It may kill the fish and rupture the gill cells, but the plant and bacteria will be find due to the cell wall.

What is the difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

Gram positive are killed by penicillin where gram negative are not.

Use infographic 3.4. Label A, B, C.

A is hypo, B is hyper, C is iso

Fill out the chart below.

\
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Size (Small or Large)

Cell Membrane (Y/N)

Membrane-bound Organelles (Y/N)

Nucleus (Y/N)

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Size (Small or Large) Small Large

Cell Membrane (Y/N) Yes Yes

Membrane-bound Organelles (Y/N) No Yes

Nucleus (Y/N) No Yes

(Please check Study guide for table)

Which are true?

S.Diffusion F.Diffusion A.Transport

M.S. Small Either Either

Philic Or Phobic Phobic Phobic Either

Concentration H to L H to L L to H

Transport Protein No Yes Yes

Energy Required No No Yes

\
All are True

Before refrigeration, people salted food to preserve it. Why?

Water will leave fungal and bacterial cells that may be on the food. Over time those cells will die because osmosis will force water out of their cells.

What organelles are used, in order, to make a protein?

Nucleus, rough ER, Golgi, cell membrane

Y/N

Does using algae as a biofuel burn the same amount of CO2 as it took in?

Does it release more pollutants?

Is there enough CO2 in the atmosphere to make enough algae biofuel equal to the fossil fuels we use right now?

Can biofuels generate electricity?

Algae release just as much CO2 as fossil fuels, but growing the algae takes CO2 out of the atmosphere so it is closer to being carbon neutral. It also releases fewer toxic chemicals than fossil fuels do. We cannot grow algae fast enough to meet our fuel needs right now. Me must use alternative energy sources such as wind, water, solar, or hydrothermal to make up for it. Algal biofuel can be used to make energy same is fossil fuels can.

What happens to the chemical energy produced during photosynthesis?

It is stored as glucose, it is also used to make cell parts, grow fruit, and carry out the Calvin cycle,

Use infographic 5.3 Which graph represent the effect of temperature on photosynthesis? Which graph shows the light intensity and speed of photosynthesis?

1 is temperature, 2 is light intensity,

What happens to plants in the absence of sunlight?

The Calvin cycle can still take place as long as there is glucose stored (as a potato stores glucose for the plant), plants will carry out the Calvin cycle as long as there is reserved ATP. Plants can still carry out cell respiration which is the converting of sugars and fats into ATP.

Can plants release the energy created from glucose during photosynthesis?

No, photosynthesis can only make the glucose, not break it down for energy. That is cell resp.

What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?

Glucose

What is the order of photosynthesis?

1) Photons of light are absorbed by chlorophyll reflects green light

2) Water molecules are absorbed and then split giving off o2 gas

3) Glucose is produced

4) Electrons from the split water help fuel the Calvin cycle along with 9 ATP

5) CO2 is absorbed

What color pigments does chlorophyll absorb and reflect?

Reflects green, absorbs other, but mostly absorbs reds and blues

Why are autotrophs useful?

They give us oxygen, food, remove CO2 from the air, and can make us fuel

Use infographic 5.6. What is going on in each test tube as far as cellular respiration and photosynthesis? A is kept in the dark, and B is kept in sunlight.

A is in the dark and only carrying out cell respiration. B is carrying out BOTH cell respiration AND photosynthesis, C is the control tub.

How is water important in photosynthesis?

It provides the hydrogen ions to help run the Calvin cycle

What are the products of photosynthesis?

The products are the reactants of cell respiration.

What is the BMI for an obese person, an overweight person and a healthy weight person?

30 and over is obese, 19-24 is healthy, 25-29 is overweight

Why do you breathe heavily after exercise?

To try to get muscle cells back into aerobic respiration –cell respiration and away from lactic acid fermentation

Where does the CO2 that we breathe out come from? (which organelle?)

Mitochondrion

Where does glycolysis, cell respiration and lactic acid fermentation take place in the cell?

Glycolysis AND fermentation are in the cytoplasm, cell resp in the mitochondrion

What can a person do to help contribute to a calorie imbalance and lose weight?

Move more (called NEAT- Non Exercise Activity Thermogenics), fidget, exercise, reduced calories, more quality sleep,

How many calories are in 10 grams of fat? Protein? Carbs?

90 from fat, 40 from protein, 40 from carbs

Does BMI take into account, gender, athleticism, or frame size?

NOPE

List the order of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle (AKA KREBS), ETC

What is the correct formula for cell respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

What are the main reasons for cancer to develop and progress?

Oncogenes, mutated tumor suppressor genes

How might a person know if they may have inherited the BRCA1 gene?

Without testing, they can look at a family history of women having early breast cancer AND ovarian cancer at an early age.

How many chromosomes do people have? What is the chromosome of a female? How many chromosomes are in sperm and egg?

46, XX, 23

List the order of the cell cycle.

IPMATC

When would a cell undergo mitosis?

Dead cells being replaced, injury, tree branches growing, embryo growing

When is cell division needed?

Replacing blood cells, growth of a body, damage to cells by injuries

What is the end result of cytokinesis and the end result of meiosis?

2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent cell, 4 haploid cells that are genetically different from parent cell

What happens in prophase 1 to ensure genetic diversity?

Crossing over of non-sister chromatids

Is cancer too much cell division?

Yes

How many autosome pairs do humans have?

22

Which is Mitosis, which is meiosis?

Which is Mitosis, which is meiosis?

46 to 23 Meiosis

46 to 46 Mitosis

2N to N meiosis

N-N mitosis

Germ Cell to gamete meiosis

Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative?

Each new DNA strand has 1 part of the old strand

When it comes to STR’s how are we different?

In the number of STR’s we have. We all have 15 different ones, but how many of each is different.

Is all you DNA identical in each cell?

Yes, except for gamete

If you have AAAGGGTTTCCC, what is the complement strand?

TTTCCCAAAGGG

Where are STR’s located?

On non-coding sections of DNA

What is the “coding” region of DNA?

Where the DNA has a protein sequence on a certain part of a chromosome

What is a DNA profile?

A unique banding pattern seen on a gel electrophoresis that corresponds to the STRs on DNA

If a transgenic cow can make human insulin, what will the DNA be like in the cow? Will every cell have the insulin gene?

Yes

If the DNA codon is AAA, what is the mRNA codon? What is the tRNA codon? What is the amino acid?

DNA = AAA, mRNA = UUU, tRNA = AAA, amino acid is lysine

Be able to identify the types of chromosome mutations.

These are labeled on the picture in the study guide.