Module 3 Anatomy - Ch. 9 Skeletal System Articulations

Ch 9

Fibrous Joints

Held by dense collagen fibers, tightly adheres and stable. 

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones held by cartilage, slightly immovable

Synovial Joints

Ligaments, free movable

Synarthroses

Immovable

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable

Diarthroses

Freely Move

Fibrous Joints Examples

dense fibrous CT (sutures), syndesmosis (ulna and radius), Gomphoses (socket, root of teeth, peg in socket), Periodontal Ligaments

ossify @ middle age, grow @ young age, rigid interlocking joints

Synarthroses - immovable

Cartilaginous Joints Examples

Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage (ribs, sternum, epiphyseal plate)

Symphysis - fibrocartilage, allow slight movement, public symphysis and intervetebral disks

LACKS synovial cavity

Amphiarthroses - slight movement

Synovial Joint Examples

2 layered capsule, outer fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

articular cartilage, extrinsic ligament, joint cavity

Joint Capsule - synovial joint

dense irregular CT, lined by synovial membrane

encompasses the joint cavity with synovial fluid in it

Ligaments - Synovial Joint

bands of dense irregular CT that join one bone to another bone

Bursae

“sack of fluid” minimize friction in joints. EX. hip, knee, shoulder, heel armpit

Menisci

pads of dense fibrocartilage, found between articular surfaces which provide superior strength and allow bones of diff. shapes to fit together more tightly

Arterial Branch

several different arteries merge around joint before penetrating articular capsule

Nerve endings

respond to degree of movement and stretch and convey information about pain from the joint to the spinal cord and brain

Types of Synovial Joints

6; planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Planar Joint

slight back and forth, short bones, EX carpel and tarsels

Hinge Joint

like door, EX. elbow and ulna articulation with Humerus

Pivot Joint

rounded surface of one articulates with ring structure formed by another bone and ligament. EX ulna to radius

Condyloid Joint

move around 2 axes, EX wrist

Saddle Joint

modified condyloid, saddle shaped, 3 axes, EX thumbs

Ball and Socket

Most moveable, EX shoulder and hip

Angular Movement - Flexion

decrease in angle, EX elbow

Angular Movement - Extension

increase in angle EX elbow, knee kick soccer ball

Angular Movement - Hyperextension

continuation of extension beyond normal extension EX shoulder joint

Abduction

away from midline EX shoulder

Adduction

toward midline EX shoulder

Angular Movement - circumduction

circular EX hip

Rotation

bone revolving around axes EX head shaking no

Special movements - Elevation

upward movement of body EX closing mouth

Special movements - depression

downward movement of body part EX opening mouth

Special Movements - Protraction

movement of body anteriorly EX moving lower jaw outwards

Special Movements Retraction

overbite, moving inwards

Inversion

movement medially

Eversion

move foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

bend foot at angle in upward direction

Plantar Flexion

bend foot at angle at downward direction

Supination

move forearm, palm upward

Pronation

palm downward, forearm

opposition

thumb, touch tips at each finger