ap huge vocab review - heimler

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to towns/cities

suburbanization

the movement of people from urban areas to the outskirts of a city that transforms large areas of rural land (suburbsi)

site

absolute location of a place on earth which includes the physical qualities of that place, and which can influence the origin, function, and growth of the place

physical characteristics of a specific location

situation

relative location of a city in reference to its surrounding features which can influence origin, function, and growth

location of a place relative to other places or features. It focuses on a place’s connections and accessibility rather than its physical characteristics

city

A large, densely populated settlement with larger populations than rural towns and villages, and serves as the governmental, economic, and cultural hub for surrounding areas

large, densely populated, and permanently settled urban area that serves as a center for government, commerce, culture, and services

megacity

large city with over 10 million people found most commonly found in the periphery and semi-periphery → often face challenges like traffic ongestion, pollution, house shortage, inequality

metacity

A large city with over 20 million people found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery →

metropolis

A very large and densely populated city, often a capital or major city

a large and important city that serves as a central hub for a region's economy, culture, and government

metropolitan statistical area

identified by the Census, in the USA, this is a region with at least one urbanized area at its core (New york, newark, jersey city)

sprawl

tendency of cities to spread outward in an unchecked manner

unplanned, uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land

edge city

concentration of residential and economic activity like businesses, shopping, and entertainment located in the suburbs outside a traditional city’s downtown area

concentrated area of commercial, retail, and residential development that is located on the outskirts of a traditional city, often near major highways.

automobile cities

Cities whose size and layout essentially require automobile ownership

exurb

A region or settlement that lies outside a city and beyond its suburbs that often is inhabited chiefly by wealthier families

boomburb

large suburb with over 100,000 residents that has its own government, usually spread along highways, and exists independently from a metropolitan area

a rapidly growing suburb that has transformed into a large, urbanized area with a population typically over 100,000 people. → experience explosive growth bc of migration, development, suburban expansion

world city

A city that is a command and control center of the global economy

urban hierarchy

Settlements ranked by population, number of services, and sphere of influence

gated community

Settlements ranked by population, number of services, and sphere of influence

rank size rule

population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.

the second-largest city will have half the population of the largest city, the third-largest will have a third of the population,

primate city

city that is much larger than any other city in the country. It dominates the political, economic, and cultural life of the country

threshold

minimum number of people needed for a business to prosper

range

the maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services

central place theory

model developed by Walter Christaller that attempts to explain why cities are located where they are

geographical theory that explains the distribution and size of cities and towns within a region. It suggests that settlements are organized in a hierarchical pattern, with larger cities serving as central places that provide goods and services to smaller towns or villages

higher order goods

specialized goods such as cars, furniture, fine jewelry, and household appliances that people are willing travel further to purchase

low order goods

everyday products that are replenished frequently, such as food and other routine household items

central business district (CBD)

heart of an urban area which contains the main business and commercial area of a town or city

commercial and business center of a city. It typically includes the highest concentration of office buildings, retail stores, entertainment venues, and other services.

bid rent theory

price and demand for land decrease as you move farther away from a city's central business district (CBD).

land users (businesses, residents, etc.) are willing to pay more for land closer to the CBD because of its accessibility to transportation, services, and economic opportunities. As you move further out from the CBD, the rent (or price) decreases because the land becomes less accessible or desirable.

gravity model

closer two places are to one another the more they will influence one another is known

burgess concentric zone model

spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric rings around a CBD (Central Business District)

model that explains how cities grow and expand outward in a series of concentric rings around the central business district (CBD). → divides a city into five zones, each characterized by different types of land use and social groups.

• cbd

• zone of transition → mix use buildings and lower income house

• working class residential zone → where work class ppl live

• better residential zone → wealthier homes with better infrastructure

• commuter zone → wealthier ppl live to commute to city for work

hoyt sector model

spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern radiating from CBD

cities grow in sectors or wedges, rather than concentric rings. According to this model, cities expand outward from the central business district (CBD) in specific sectors based on factors like transportation routes, topography, and economic activities.

• cbd

• sectors/wedges → grows outward in sectors instead of rings influenced by transport, industry, social class

• industrial area

• rsidential area → rich area near good transport poor area more far out

• grows in sectors with diff land use radiating from center

harris and ullman multiple nuclear model

spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD (Central Business District)

galactic city model

spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a central city surrounded by a large suburban area, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes tied together by a beltway, or ring road

How cities have evolved with suburban sprawl and decentralization. Unlike traditional city models, which focus on a central business district (CBD), the Galactic City Model shows how cities have spread outward, creating multiple centers or nodes of activity (like shopping malls, office parks, and industrial areas) connected by highways.

• cb

• multiple centers (shopping, office parks, industrial area)

• suburbs (highways annd have residential area)

• sprawl

• Many centers spread out connected by roads

griffin ford latin american city model

A spatial city model that shows a prestigious commercial area (called the spine) stretching out from the city's center (CBD). This area has high-end businesses and services. Surrounding this is a poorer peripheral area with squatter settlements or slums. This structure is influenced by colonialism, rapid industrial growth, and quick population growth.

• cbd

• elite residential area

• commercial spine (road/area running from cbd rich area)

• middle-class neighborhood

• zone of in situ accretion (transitional area with mix of home and businesses)

• peripheral zone

• squatter settlements

deBlijj Sub-Saharan African City Model

A spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the legacy of European colonialism

• colonial CBD

• traditional CBD

• ethnic neighborhoods

• peripheral zone

• transportation and growth outward from central areas
  

McGee Southeast Asian City Model

A spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone which is the focal point of the city, reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and foreign commercial zone

• Old port areas where trade started, influenced by colonial rule.

• Business and government centers near the port.

• Ethnic neighborhoods where different groups, like the Chinese or Indian communities, live and work.

• Farmland or market gardening areas outside the city for growing crops.

• Suburbs on the outskirts where the city expands.

housing discrimination

unfair treatment of people when they try to buy or rent a home, based on things like race, ethnicity, gender, disability, or religion.

redlining

banks, insurance companies, or other services refuse or limit services to people in certain neighborhoods, often based on the racial or ethnic makeup of the area. → drawing red lines on maps to outline area where these services aren’t provided usually impacting low income/minority community

blockbusting

real estate practice where agents or developers intentionally stir up fear among homeowners (often white homeowners) by suggesting that minorities (such as Black families) are moving into the neighborhood.

gentrification

displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents who move into a neighborhood with the intent to improve the area and raise the value of the homes and businesses (wealthy people move into neighborhood causing prices to go up forcing poor and og residents to leave)

infilling

building on empty spaces within a city to fill in gaps and use land more efficiently instead of expanding outward → avoid urban sprawl

perceived density

people’s general impression of how many people live in a given area

environmental injustice

some people suffer from bad environmental conditions because of where they live or their social status usually low income minorities

affordable housing

homes or apartments that cost less and are priced so that low- or middle-income people can comfortably afford to live there without spending too much of their income

access to services

the measure of people’s ability to pay for services without financial hardship (including health services, infrastructure, etc)

how easily people can use important things like healthcare, education, transportation, clean water, internet, and other public or private services they need for daily life.

land tenure

who has the right to use or own land, and how they’re allowed to use it.

inclusionary zoning

new housing must include some homes that are affordable for people who don’t make a lot of money.

built environment

Human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

smart growth

urban planning that focuses on creating sustainable, efficient, and well-planned cities. → more green space and affordable housing

new urbanism

building neighborhoods where everything is within walking distance to make life easier, healthier, and more connected.

urban renewal

redevelopment of areas within an urban area, typically neighborhoods in economic decline

urban sustainability

The idea that a city can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs in terms of economic, environmental, and social impact

low density housing

homes are spaced far apart and there aren't many buildings in a given area. → single-family homes, suburbs, and rural areas, where there is usually more open space between each house.

medium density housing

homes that are closer together than in low-density areas but not as tightly packed as in high-density areas → townhouses, duplexes, or low-rise apartment buildings, where people live in a more spacious environment compared to high-density housing.

high density housing

buildings or areas where a lot of people live in a small amount of space → apartment buildings, condos, or townhouses that are built close together, often in urban areas, to make the most of limited space.

NIMBYs (not in my backyard)

Term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood

mixed land use

Land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and/or industrial uses

having different types of buildings or activities in the same area, such as homes, offices, shops, and restaurants all located close together → more convienient and wlkable

greenbelt

A zone of grassy, forested or agricultural land that create a kind of border around urban land

area of protected land around a city that is kept free from development.

transportation oriented development

a way of planning and building communities that are centered around public transportation → create neighborhoods where ppl can easily walk or take transit

smart growth policies

strategies designed to promote sustainable and well-planned urban development. → reduce urban sprawl by making cities more compact, efficient, and environmentally friendly

walkability

A measure of how friendly an urban area is to walking

ecological footprint

total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment

measure of how much natural resources (like water, land, and energy) a person, community, or country uses, compared to how much the planet can regenerate.

brownfield

a piece of land or a property that was previously used for industrial or commercial purposes but is now abandoned or underused. → contaminated or polluted, making them difficult or expensive to develop without cleanup but can be redeveloped into parks, house, businesses

unused land that was once used for factories or businesses and may need to be cleaned before it can be safely used again.

infrastructure

basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society

squatter settlements

Squalid, overcrowded, inadequate urban districts inhabited by very poor people; sometimes called barrios, favelas, or slums

areas where people build homes on land that they don’t own or have permission to use. These settlements are often made up of makeshift houses or shacks and are typically located on urban outskirts or vacant land.

farmland protection policies

laws and regulations designed to preserve agricultural land and prevent it from being converted into urban or commercial development.

quantitative data

number data

qualitative data

descriptive data