African American Studies Unit 1
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63 Terms
1
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Juan Garrido
what: The first black person to come to the America’s. An African prince
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why: Forced Indigenous people into slavery, colonized Indigenous America.
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why: Forced Indigenous people into slavery, colonized Indigenous America.
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colonialism | to colonize | colonizer
what: The process of taking over land and people for a profit
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why: colonialism changes people’s life against their will
→ ex: when Spanish and English weren’t spoken in America before the Spanish and British colonized it
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why: colonialism changes people’s life against their will
→ ex: when Spanish and English weren’t spoken in America before the Spanish and British colonized it
3
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San Miguel de Guadalupe Settlement 1526
what: Created by Spanish colonizers in modern South Carolina and brought African slaves with them
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why: These were the first black slaves in America, they fought back against their colonizers and gained their freedom.
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why: These were the first black slaves in America, they fought back against their colonizers and gained their freedom.
4
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Non Race-based Slavery
what: Slavery existed before racism.
Ex: Roman empire non race based slavery, Mansa Musa owned African Slaves as an African king.
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why: In the US, slavery changed to include racism, but the existence of slavery does not require racism.
Ex: Roman empire non race based slavery, Mansa Musa owned African Slaves as an African king.
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why: In the US, slavery changed to include racism, but the existence of slavery does not require racism.
5
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Transatlantic Slave Trade
what: The trade of human beings for goods across the Atlantic ocean
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why: These people are not seen as human, and are valued as property.
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why: These people are not seen as human, and are valued as property.
6
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Middle Passage
what: The part of the journey over the middle of the Atlantic
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why: Reemphasizes the idea that these people are seen as property. Being kept in unsanitary conditions, not being fed well, being packed tightly together
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why: Reemphasizes the idea that these people are seen as property. Being kept in unsanitary conditions, not being fed well, being packed tightly together
7
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Phrenology
what: The study of the head/facial features to determine intelligence
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why: This ‘science’ was used to help justify and support racist ideas that black people were less intelligent and white people were more intelligent. Based on these beliefs, it was said that black people needed slavery for structure. There is still carry over of these racist ideas in society today.
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why: This ‘science’ was used to help justify and support racist ideas that black people were less intelligent and white people were more intelligent. Based on these beliefs, it was said that black people needed slavery for structure. There is still carry over of these racist ideas in society today.
8
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Irish Slave Myth
what: The myth that there were more White Irish slaves than Black African slaves.
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why: To take attention away from the horrible history of Black slaves/addressing the history of racism in the US, and to take attention away from the BLM movement. ‘oppression Olympics’
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why: To take attention away from the horrible history of Black slaves/addressing the history of racism in the US, and to take attention away from the BLM movement. ‘oppression Olympics’
9
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The English Poor Relief Act of 1601
what: A law created by the British government to escape poverty by getting internships in the US
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why: These kids signed up for this opportunity. Though these kids did sometimes experience negative things, this was an overall positive thing an nothing like how the African slaves were brought here.
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why: These kids signed up for this opportunity. Though these kids did sometimes experience negative things, this was an overall positive thing an nothing like how the African slaves were brought here.
10
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Indentured Servants
what:
\-chose to be in this position
\-usually to pay off debt
\-still had legal rights
all of these things were unlike African slaves
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why:
Indentured servants chose to be indentured, enslaved people are were not
\-chose to be in this position
\-usually to pay off debt
\-still had legal rights
all of these things were unlike African slaves
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why:
Indentured servants chose to be indentured, enslaved people are were not
11
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Agency
what: To have the ability to choose
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why: The difference between indentured servants and slaves, indentured servants have agency.
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why: The difference between indentured servants and slaves, indentured servants have agency.
12
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“Race-norming”
what: When race is taken into account when determining a medical diagnosis and influences the diagnosis.
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why: When based on negative racist stereotypes, It can block certain people's opportunities to get the treatment they need.
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why: When based on negative racist stereotypes, It can block certain people's opportunities to get the treatment they need.
13
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Racial Color Blindness
what: When people act as if race does not exist
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why: When we ignore race, we ignore how people are impacted by racism
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why: When we ignore race, we ignore how people are impacted by racism
14
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Critical Race Theory
what: Looking at the law to see if the law discriminates against people based on their racial identity
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why: To help catch cases of racism in the law
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why: To help catch cases of racism in the law
15
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Mark Robinson
what: Current Lieutenant Governor of NC
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why: Anti-Crt
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why: Anti-Crt
16
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John Punch
what: A black indentured servant who ran away with two white indentured servants, when caught he was made a slave and received a much harder punishment than the white men
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why: First black person forced into slavery through criminal law, first example of racial based slavery through legal system
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why: First black person forced into slavery through criminal law, first example of racial based slavery through legal system
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Anthony Johnson
what: A black man who was once an indentured servant who became a wealthy slave master, who forced his indentured servants into slavery.
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why: NOT the first slave owner, but is a black slave master
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why: NOT the first slave owner, but is a black slave master
18
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Gomes Eanes de Zarura
what: A Historian for the Portuguese empire, his responsibility is to make Portugal look as good as possible.
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why: He made up the excuse that if slaves were converted to Christianity that their souls were saved and makes slavery fine.
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why: He made up the excuse that if slaves were converted to Christianity that their souls were saved and makes slavery fine.
19
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1630 Virginia Colony Law on Interracial ‘Interactions”
what: Law that forbid interracial relationships
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why: It makes it easier to make laws dividing black people and white people, but mixed people make it ‘messy’
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why: It makes it easier to make laws dividing black people and white people, but mixed people make it ‘messy’
20
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1640 Virginia Colony Law on Guns
what: Outlawed black people owning guns
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why: So black people cannot stand up for themselves/ overthrow white people
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why: So black people cannot stand up for themselves/ overthrow white people
21
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1662 Virginia Colony law on Status of Child
what: depending on the status (free/enslaved) of the mother of a mixed child, the child will inherit their status. If mother is a slave, the child is a slave, and if mother is free the child is free.
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why: Even though it was illegal, there were still interracial relationships. This helped establish the status of biracial kids.
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why: Even though it was illegal, there were still interracial relationships. This helped establish the status of biracial kids.
22
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Virginia Law on Baptism 1667
what: Made it so even black people who were Christian could still be forced into slavery. Before this time, Christians could not be forced into slavery no matter your race.
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why: Exhibits a pattern of how Slave masters are willing to “move the goal post”, to go back on their own word and change the law or their beliefs, to keep black people in slavery.
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why: Exhibits a pattern of how Slave masters are willing to “move the goal post”, to go back on their own word and change the law or their beliefs, to keep black people in slavery.
23
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Ephesians 6:5
what: Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ
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why: slaves must obey their slave masters just as they would obey God. This forced slaves to be obedient to their slave masters if they wanted to be good Christians.
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why: slaves must obey their slave masters just as they would obey God. This forced slaves to be obedient to their slave masters if they wanted to be good Christians.
24
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Matthew 5:10
what: Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
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why: Slaves are blessed when they are enslaved, they will gain a way to heaven if they are obedient to their master.
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why: Slaves are blessed when they are enslaved, they will gain a way to heaven if they are obedient to their master.
25
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The Curse of Ham
what: A misinterpretation of the bible that said God had cursed black people to be slaves
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why: Another example of using the bible to excuse slavery
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why: Another example of using the bible to excuse slavery
26
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Phillis Wheatley
what: The first published African American Poet, a former slave
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why: Important figure in black history
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why: Important figure in black history
27
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Christianity in Africa
what: Christianity has its own roots and traditions in Africa before the start of the trans-Atlantic slave trade
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why: When white masters tried to convince black people that the bible condoned slavery and that they were lesser than the white man, they knew they were wrong
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why: When white masters tried to convince black people that the bible condoned slavery and that they were lesser than the white man, they knew they were wrong
28
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Coptic Christianity
what: A branch of Christianity that was created in Africa
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why: When white masters tried to convince black people that the bible condoned slavery and that they were lesser than the white man, they knew they were wrong
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why: When white masters tried to convince black people that the bible condoned slavery and that they were lesser than the white man, they knew they were wrong
29
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Ring Shouts
what: An organized dance that would be done in a circle with other people,
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why: Ring Shouts were a moment where enslaved people could express themselves through song and dance because they often had to hide their emotions from their masters. This was a way to express their humanity away from their oppressors.
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why: Ring Shouts were a moment where enslaved people could express themselves through song and dance because they often had to hide their emotions from their masters. This was a way to express their humanity away from their oppressors.
30
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Praise House
what: Hidden, secret black churches that black people created
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why: Allowed enslaved people to express true Christianity, preaching messages of hope, freedom, and resistance away from the teachings of the white church
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why: Allowed enslaved people to express true Christianity, preaching messages of hope, freedom, and resistance away from the teachings of the white church
31
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Negro Spirituals
what: Songs created during slavery reflecting on the experience of being enslaved.
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why: Contained a lot of Christian ideas, another way for enslaved people to resist slavery through religion
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why: Contained a lot of Christian ideas, another way for enslaved people to resist slavery through religion
32
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“Go Down Moses”
what: A negro spiritual created by black Christians based on the story of Moses in the bible
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why: Black Christians had to hope that if God freed the Israelites from the Egyptians, maybe God would come and free them.
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why: Black Christians had to hope that if God freed the Israelites from the Egyptians, maybe God would come and free them.
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“Everybody Talking bout Heaven”
what: A negro spiritual created by black Christians
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why: calling out the religious hypocracy of their white slave masters
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why: calling out the religious hypocracy of their white slave masters
34
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Class Identity
what: Your rank in society based on how much money you make
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why: People in our society are treated negatively
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why: People in our society are treated negatively
35
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Nathaniel Bacon
what: A wealthy land owner that wanted to go to war with the native Americans to steal their land
36
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Governor Berkeley
what: Governor of the colony of Virginia during the time period of slavery, did not want to go to war with the Native Americans
37
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Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
what: In order to vote, you needed to own land. Bacon attempted to gain indentured servants and enslaved people to fight for him, promising help getting them land. They lose, the government shuts them down.
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why: The government realizes that these poor people are actually very powerful together, so the government creates racial identities to create a divide between enslaved/poor black people and poor white people
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why: The government realizes that these poor people are actually very powerful together, so the government creates racial identities to create a divide between enslaved/poor black people and poor white people
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Race
what: A way of categorizing people based on the color of their skin
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why: First created as a way to divide poor people
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why: First created as a way to divide poor people
39
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White Supremacy
what: The belief that white people, culture, etc, are superior
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why: All people can be white supremacists despite race
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why: All people can be white supremacists despite race
40
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Anti-Blackness
what: Against black people/black culture
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why: Any one/any race can be anti-black
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why: Any one/any race can be anti-black
41
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**Racism**
what: treating people of a different race either positively or negatively that disadvantages people of color
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why: At first, a way to divide people into different classes in society, making money and gaining power. Historically, white people are the only people who can be racist because of the way our society is structured.
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why: At first, a way to divide people into different classes in society, making money and gaining power. Historically, white people are the only people who can be racist because of the way our society is structured.
42
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Prejudice/bias
what: Making an assumption on someone based on a false reality.
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why: All people can be prejudiced
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why: All people can be prejudiced
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Racial Prejudice/bias
what: False assumptions or stereotypes about a different racial group that leads people to acting negatively against another group
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why: All people can be racially prejudiced
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why: All people can be racially prejudiced
44
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Subconscious Racial Prejudice
what: The beliefs that people develop over time without realizing it
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why: All people can be subconsciously racially prejudiced
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why: All people can be subconsciously racially prejudiced
45
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Racial Capitalism
what: Capitalism exploits people to make as much money as possible
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why: Racism becomes the excuse we use to exploit certain types of people to make the most amount of money
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why: Racism becomes the excuse we use to exploit certain types of people to make the most amount of money
46
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Cross Risks
what: Like insurance policies that slave masters put on their slaves
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why: We see these enslaved people working for free their entire lives and even when they die, the slave master still makes money off of their life and death.
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why: We see these enslaved people working for free their entire lives and even when they die, the slave master still makes money off of their life and death.
47
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Pass System
what: A system where for an enslaved person to leave their plantation with permission, basically a hall pass for an enslaved person
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why: This pass system is very similar to immigration laws today, these black people cannot go and see their families and such
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why: This pass system is very similar to immigration laws today, these black people cannot go and see their families and such
48
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1715 NC Colonial Literacy Law
what: Banned teaching enslaved people how to read and write
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why: Slaves could have the ability to write their own passes
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why: Slaves could have the ability to write their own passes
49
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Runaway Enslaved Person
what: In the eyes of the racist law system at the time, escaped slaves were seen as criminals
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why: Running away is a form of resistance from their slave masters. Most escaped slaves didn’t run away to the North, most ran away to other southern states for the purpose of love. Their families, loved ones, etc.
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why: Running away is a form of resistance from their slave masters. Most escaped slaves didn’t run away to the North, most ran away to other southern states for the purpose of love. Their families, loved ones, etc.
50
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Boston Watch
what: A very initial of policing in the United States
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why: A group of people responsible for policing specifically homeless people, prostitutes, and drunks. These people did not have any official training.
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why: A group of people responsible for policing specifically homeless people, prostitutes, and drunks. These people did not have any official training.
51
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Slave Patrols
what: Responsible for moderating the slave pass system and the movement of black people.
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why: Kept black people oppressed, and Boston Patrols very quickly became a way to moderate black people
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why: Kept black people oppressed, and Boston Patrols very quickly became a way to moderate black people
52
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Irish Identity in the 1800s
what: Initially Irish people were not seen as white people, but not POC. They were treated poorly
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why: The way Irish people came to earn respect in the US was to volunteer to police black people
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why: The way Irish people came to earn respect in the US was to volunteer to police black people
53
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Isaac Hooper
what: the person who started the underground railroad
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why: a Quaker that was motivated by his faith to help enslaved people find freedom
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why: a Quaker that was motivated by his faith to help enslaved people find freedom
54
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Abolitionist
what: someone who is working to get rid of something, in this example, slavery
55
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Harriet Tubman
what:
\-A woman who was born into slavery
\-escaped slavery herself
\-a conductor on the underground railroad
\-returned to the south 13 times to free more slaves
\-was nicknamed Black Moses
\-worked as in the union army
**-**
why: One of the most courageous heroes in American History and a symbol for the abolition of slavery
\-A woman who was born into slavery
\-escaped slavery herself
\-a conductor on the underground railroad
\-returned to the south 13 times to free more slaves
\-was nicknamed Black Moses
\-worked as in the union army
**-**
why: One of the most courageous heroes in American History and a symbol for the abolition of slavery
56
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Zong Massacre
what: A moment where we see an overcapacity ship crossing the middle passage that does not have enough supplies, 470 enslaved people and 17 british workers
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why: The British are profiting off of the death of the enslaved people
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why: The British are profiting off of the death of the enslaved people
57
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New York Conspiracy of 1741
what: In 1741, NYC accused lots of enslaved people and some poor white people of setting multiple fires to the city. They were found guilty and around 100 black people were either executed or sent to the Caribbean for back breaking labor, while only around 4 white people were punished for the fires. It is unclear whether the fires were actually set by the enslaved people and poor white people or wealthy white people.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
58
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German Coast Uprising 1811
what: The biggest slave revolt on US soil. It was so large the US government had to send troops because it was so large and organized. Inspired by the Haitian revolution, where in the country of Haiti the black slaves revolted and where able to take over the entire country.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
59
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La Amistad 1839
what: Slaves were captured in Sierra Leone onto a boat called La Amistad, and one of the slaves handcuffs was not done properly. They were able to break free and killed many of the slave masters on the ship, the two surviving white people took the ship to England. In England, these slaves were granted freedom.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
60
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Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831
what: Nat Turner, a preacher, believed killing white people was the only way to gain freedom. He thought he received a sign from God and led many slaves to kill their masters. He was executed after he was found. Christianity influenced his revolt.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
61
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Stono Rebellion
what: A slave revolt in the colony of South Carolina. Largest slave rebellion in the southern colonies. Around 25 colonists died while 35 to 50 enslaved people died.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
62
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Gabriel’s Conspiracy 1800
what: A planned slave rebellion in Richmond, VA led by Gabriel, a blacksmith. The information to this rebellion was leaked before it started, and Gabriel and his 25 followers were executed.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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why: we see slaves taking their power into their own hands and fighting for themselves.
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**Overview/Summary of unit**
* **colonization → slavery in the US,** started in San Guadalupe Settlement, and these slaves overthrow their masters
* **Slavery existed** ***before*** **racism**
* transatlantic slave trade → African slaves traded as property like spices and luxury items
* Racism still has lasting effects; for example, race-norming, racial color blindness
* **CRT - examining the law to see how it affects POC**
* John Punch - first legal slave (indentured servant who ran away with two white indentured servants)
* Religion used for positive and negative uses during the time of slavery
* Bacon’s rebellion → poor white people and slaves teamed up, people in power saw they were powerful, classes divided through the idea of **race**
* through slave rebellions, we see enslaved people taking their power back and fighting for themselves
\
* **Slavery existed** ***before*** **racism**
* transatlantic slave trade → African slaves traded as property like spices and luxury items
* Racism still has lasting effects; for example, race-norming, racial color blindness
* **CRT - examining the law to see how it affects POC**
* John Punch - first legal slave (indentured servant who ran away with two white indentured servants)
* Religion used for positive and negative uses during the time of slavery
* Bacon’s rebellion → poor white people and slaves teamed up, people in power saw they were powerful, classes divided through the idea of **race**
* through slave rebellions, we see enslaved people taking their power back and fighting for themselves
\
