Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation

Vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts, terms, and separation techniques introduced in Chapter 5: Exploring Mixtures and their Separation.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, also referred to as a solution.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that does not have a uniform composition throughout, in which individual components or particles remain distinct and can settle over time.

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved when forming a solution.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.

Concentration of a solution

The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.

Mass by mass percentage (% m/m)

A measure of concentration expressing the grams of solute present in $100\,g$ of total solution, calculated as $\text{Mass by mass percentage} = \frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}} \times 100$.

Mass by volume percentage (% m/v)

A measure of concentration expressing the grams of solute present in $100\,mL$ of solution, calculated as $\text{Mass by volume percentage} = \frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$.

Volume by volume percentage (% v/v)

A measure of concentration expressing the millilitres of solute present in $100\,mL$ of solution, calculated as $\text{Volume by volume percentage} = \frac{\text{Volume of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$.

Dilip Mahalanabis

An Indian paediatrician who developed and formulated the Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) for rehydration therapy, saving millions of lives worldwide.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of solvent ($100\,g$ or $100\,mL$) at a given temperature.

Saturated solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a specific temperature.

Crystal

A solid composed of particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern.

Crystallization

The process of forming pure solid crystals from a saturated solution upon cooling.

Distillation

A method used to separate a mixture of miscible liquids whose boiling points differ by at least $25\,^\circ\text{C}$, by heating to vaporise the lower-boiling component and cooling the vapour back into a liquid.

Deg-Bhapka method

A traditional distillation method passed down through generations in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, used to produce natural perfume such as Mitti ka Ittar.

Fractional distillation

The process of separating components of a mixture (such as crude petroleum) that have small differences in boiling points (less than $25\,^\circ\text{C}$).

Paper chromatography

A separation method for components of a mixture based on differences in their interaction and rate of movement with a solvent across chromatographic paper.

Immiscible liquids

Liquids that do not mix with each other and form distinct separate layers when combined (such as oil and water).

Separating funnel

A laboratory apparatus used to separate two immiscible liquids based on the difference in their densities.

Sublimation

The process where a solid changes directly into the vapour state on heating (below its melting point) without passing through the liquid state.

Deposition

The process in which a vapour cools and condenses directly back into a solid without becoming a liquid.

Alloy

A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal, formed by mixing them in molten state.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles greater than $1000\,nm$ in diameter that do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk medium and settle over time.

Centrifugation

A separation technique that spins a mixture rapidly in a tube, using centrifugal force to push heavier particles outward to settle at the bottom.

Paperfuge

A low-cost, hand-powered centrifugation device made from cardboard and string, inspired by a spinning toy, used to separate blood components without electricity.

Coagulation

The process of adding a coagulant (such as alum) to a suspension to cause fine particles to clump together into larger settled masses.

Colloid

A heterogeneous mixture with particle sizes between $1\,nm$ and $1000\,nm$ that do not settle over time and remain uniformly dispersed throughout the medium.

Tyndall effect

The scattering of a beam of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, making the path of the light beam visible.

Dispersed phase

The solute-like component or particles suspended in a colloid.

Dispersion medium

The continuous medium in which the dispersed phase of a colloid is distributed.

Emulsion

A colloidal mixture in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids.

Panga salt

A type of salt produced in ancient coastal India by boiling concentrated sea brines.

Karkatch salt

A type of salt produced in ancient coastal India through the natural evaporation of seawater.