chemistry all the units

reversible reaction

ammonium chloride, heat, ammonia and hydrogen chloride, cool

amino acid

• have two different functional groups in a molecule

• react by condensation polymerisation, produce the polypeptide

end of fractional distillation

• separated into fractions, each with a mixture of hydrocarbons that have a similar number of carbons atoms

haber process

• purified gases passed over a catalyst of iron at high temp and pressure

longer hydrocarbon

• less viscosity

how were coal, nature gas and oil formed

• limestone, shells and skeletons

• coal, plant deposites

  • oil ad gas, planation sediments

crude oil

• finite resources, found in rocks, remains of ancient biomass, mainly planation buried in mud

name when reacting with halogens

de+(halogen-ine)+(alkane)

what does incomplete combustion also produce

water

polysaccharides

starch, cellulose, glycogen

acid rain

metal corrode, kills plants

flame emission spectroscopy

example of an instrumental method used to analyse metal ions in solution

how to make polyester

2 carboxylic acid groups + 2 hydroxyl group = polymer and water ,
- ethanolic and hezandioic acid

bond in amino acid

• amide bond, link, peptide bond

sewage treatment

• sedimentation in settlement tank

• sludge broken down by a bacteria

• releasing methane gas, when breaking down the organic matter in sludge

• methane gas, used as an energy source, remaining digested waste used as a fertiliser

fermentation

• aqueous solutions of ethanol produced when sugar solutions fermented using yeast

• warm temp

• yeast dies when ethanol conc reaches, 15%, takes several days, slow reaction,

• if air present, oxygen and ethanol, ethanoic acid, vinegar

equipment, ammonium sulfat production

volumetric pipette or measuring cyclinder

bond in esters

• ester link, bond, group

le chapelier principle, concentration

• if con of reactants increased, more products will be formed until equilibrium reached again

• if con of a product decrease, more reacts will react until equilibrium reached again

alcohol

• react with water, dissolve as soluble to form a solution, solubility decrease further up as longer chain

cu2+

• light blue

fe2+

• light green brown

fe3+

• reddish brown

proteins

• amino acids joined together, form polypeptides

• then join together and fold from protein,

lab v industrial

• indus

  • expensive chemical plant machinery, used in continuous process

  • automatic control machinery and mechanism, reduce labour and running cost

• industrial

  • running costs higher, safer

  • cheap and versatile, batch process

to remove any water

• calcium chloride to absorb any water from the air

thermosofteing

• individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains

thermo setting

• monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure

filtration

• wire mesh screens out large twigs

  • then gravel and sand beds

gold

alloyed with silver, copper and zinc

steel

high carbon, strong but brittle
low carbon, softer and more easily shaped
stainless steel, hard and resistant to corrosion

plastic bags

• cracking and polymerisation, required energy

• cheaper to make quantities

bioleaching

• certain bacteria can break down low grade ores to produce on acidic solution, leachate, containing copper irons, obtain metal by displacement using scrap iron, cost effect, or iron displace copper from leach in electrolysis

• copper compounds can be dissolved and solution electrolysed to produce copper metal

borosilicate glass

• from sand and baron trioxide

• melts at higher temperature

soda lime glass

• made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

ceramics

• non metal solids with high melting points, aren’t made from carbon based compounds

composites

• 2 materials, matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres or fragments of the other material, which is called the reinforcement

fibreglass

• fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymers, plastic,

• low density, very strong, like glass

• skis, boats, surfboards

carbon fibre composites

• polymer matrix

• reinforcement made from either long chains of carbon atoms boned together, carbon fibres

• or from carbon nanotubes

• strong and light

• aerospace, sports car manufacturing

sacrificial protection

• galvanised with a coating of zinc, protect, but if scratched, zinc around the site of the scratch works as a sacrifice metal

ceramics 2

• porcelain, bricks,

• insulators of heat and electricity brittle and stiff

composites 2

• proportions depend on matrix/blender, and the reinforcement used to make them

• different uses

polymers 2

• insulators of heat and electricity

• can be flexible, and easily moulded

• clothing, insulators in electrical items

metals

• ductile, shiny, stiff

• electrical wires, car body work

rubber

• natural product, extracted from sap of a tree

• man made polymers, replace rubber in uses such as tyres