Psych Final Exam

anthropology

The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.

psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

sociology

The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

participant-observation

A research method in which the researcher becomes a part of the group being studied.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes

An anthropologist known for her observations on the social and cultural aspects of health and illness.

intuition

The ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning.

kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry or marriage.

fictive kinship

A social bond that is not based on blood or marriage but is treated as such.

Structuralism(Anthropology)

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Cultural Materialism (Anthropology)

attaches special importance to technology and economic factors in the development of a society

Cultural Ecology (Anthropology)

The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

Psychodynamic (Psychology)

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts.

Behavioural (Psychology)

This approach focuses on how behaviours are learned through conditioning (classical and operant). It suggests that behavior is primarily shaped by environmental factors and reinforcement or punishment, rather than internal thoughts or feelings.

Cognitive (Psychology)

This perspective examines mental processes such as thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language. It explores how people perceive, process, and interpret information and how these cognitive processes influence behavior.

experimental psychology

A branch of psychology that uses scientific methods to research the mind and behavior.

clinical psychology

A field of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

John Darley and Bibb Latane

Researchers known for their work on bystander intervention and the diffusion of responsibility.

social change

The transformation of culture and social institutions over time.

cognitive consistency

The psychological theory that individuals strive for harmony among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

cognitive dissonance theory

A theory that suggests that inconsistency among beliefs or behaviors causes discomfort, leading individuals to change their beliefs or behaviors.

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

A study that demonstrated how insufficient justification can lead to attitude change.

Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore

their influential work on hunter-gatherer societies, particularly their research among the Ju/'hoansi (also known as !Kung) people of the Kalahari Desert

Condition for social change ( Leadership)

Sociologist Max Weber identified one of the most important components of social change as the emergence of a leader with charisma, a large vision, a magnetic style, and strong popular support to characterize such a leader. They have aspects of extraordinary, superhuman, and supernatural character.

Condition for social change (The Role Of The Elites)

Sociologist Shmuel N Eisenstadt maintains that “modernizing elites” exist in most societies. These groups of people who create significant social change and influence the direction in which it goes 

Condition for social change (A Populace Ready for Change)

For change to occur, the vision of change must match the mood and desires of the public; otherwise, change will not occur 

Stages of Behaviour Modification

1. Precontemplation

2. Contemplation

3. Preparation

4. Action

5. Maintenance

6. Termination

Thornstein Veblen

An economist and sociologist known for his critique of consumerism and the concept of 'conspicuous consumption.'

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. This was show in Solomon Asch experiment with the lines

5 factors of conformity

-group size

-Group unanimity

-Task difficulty

-Group cohesion

-Situational factors

demography

The statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

Luddite

A person who opposes technological advancements

Technosis

when people rely too much on tech and experience anxiety without it

Future Shock

the disorientation caused by the early arrival of the future (brought by technology)

population pyramids

Graphical representations that show the distribution of various age groups in a population.

Expanding Pyramid (Population Pyramids)

• High birthrate

• High death rate

• Classic for poor countries 

• Life expectancy 

Stationary Pyramid (Population Pyramid)

This is the ideal pyramid

• Replacement level (2 kid to replace parents)

• Longer life expectancy

• USA and Newzeland

• Birthrate slows

• Death rate falls

Contracting Pyramid (Population Pyramid)

• Birth rate low

• Death rate high

• Longer life expectancy

• Urbanization

• Not meeting replacement level 

Inverse Pyramid (Population Pyramid)

• Low Birth rate

• Long life expectancy

• Puts great pressure on working class

what led to the collapse of the baby boom

shifting societal views as women started to join the workplace and become more independent

Michael Adams

he identifies four social groups among baby boomers:

• -Anxious Communitarians

• Disengaged Darwinist

• Connected Enthusiasts

• Autonomous Rebels

-Anxious Communitarians (4 baby boomers)

someone who is both deeply invested in the well-being of their community and also experiences anxiety or unease related to that community or its social dynamics

Disengaged Darwinist (4 baby boomers)

Largest group of boomers, the traditionalists that value common sense

Connected Enthusiasts (4 baby boomers)

embrace his diversity and enjoys experiencing change

Autonomous Rebels (4 baby boomers)

this group is characterized by their desire for social change and their openness to new things. Suspicious of authority

Anxious Communitarians (4 baby boomers)

known for their sense of responsibility and caring for others

fertility

The natural capability to produce offspring.

fecundity

The potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population.

Infertile

unable to reproduce

Menarche

the first menstrual period

Ovaulation

process in which an egg is released from the ovary

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Hutterites

religious group that live in communes in the plain states of the US and Western provinces of Canada

Proximate determinants

biological and behavioural factors through which social, economic, and environmental variables affect fertility

what is the estimated amount of couples that are infertile?

1/6

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

procedure that allows for mother's ova to be fertilized outside of body and then implanted back into the uterus for development and birth.

AID

artificial insemination by donor

IUI (intrauterine insemination)

Sperm that have been washed free of seminal fluid are inserted directly into the uterus.

FET (frozen embryo transfer)

Frozen embryos are thawed and transferred into uterine cavity

(Fraun Baum) Childfree by Choice

women who have consciously decided not to have children

(Fraun Baum) Unexpected Childlessness

women who had hoped to have children but, due to various factors like infertility

(Fraun Baum)Socially Influenced Childlessness

women who may face barriers to parenthood due to social or economic factors, such as poverty or lack of access to healthcare

(Fraun Baum) Postponement to Expected Childlessness

women may postpone having children for various reasons, and their childlessness may become permanent if they delay too long or face infertility issues

Who discovered the 4 factors that influenced peoples plans to have children?

David Dupuis

Marital status (David Dupuis 4 child influencing factors)

The birth rate is much higher among married couples

Family Values (David Dupuis 4 child influencing factors)

People from larger families want more kids than those with few siblings. 

Religiosity (David Dupuis 4 child influencing factors)

• Refers to a person's religious affiliation and attendance at religious services 

• Plays a larger role in the family size 

• Those with no religious affiliation have the smallest number of children

Levels of Education (David Dupuis 4 child influencing factors)

1. Greatest impact on decision to have children is EDUCATION

2. In General, the more education a woman has, the fewer children they have. Particularly women in their 30’s with university degrees.