BIO BODY JAC VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC

whats a receptor

an cell that respond to light, heat and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve.

whats an effector?

cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

What happens in a metabolism reaction?

number of chemical reaction take plan within a organism cell

what does organism cells do

maintain life to grow and reproduce

name the 2 types of chemical reaction of metabolism

1. breaks down organ matter e.g. cellular respiration

2. build complex molecules for simpler cubtances/ making new cell

whats a lock and key model?

its a example of a catobolic reaction; larger molecules has been split into smaller ones

What do carbohydrates do?

breaks down into gluclose

what does diffusion do, and where does it takes place?

moves particles in a substance from an area of high to low concertration. it takes place in liquids and gases, because it can freely move around

when oxygen enters blood it_______

combined with haemglobin in red blood cell

if blood carry oxygen away_____

contretrates in alveovs and blood never equal, so oxygen can continue to move blood in

what is another name for 'pace maker'? what does it do

SA node; when rhythm of heartbeat is interrupted by small patch muscle, it stop and restart the rythm

what happens in AV node?

stimulation reaches tissue between atria and ventricles. it also stimulates both ventricles to contract

if pulses in ventricle are disorganised, then _______________________

if correct direction then___________________

stimulus doesnt pick up

muscle of ventricles begin to twitch

if pulses in ventricle are in correct direction and muscle of ventricle begin to twitch, then____________________________

the condition will be ventricular fibliration

What is noradenalin?

causes body to produce hormone; it also increases the rate of heartbeat and strength of contractions

What do receptors do?

dtect stlmuli changes

if mucular activity increases then_____________________

more blood pumps back to right atrium

what do ribsomes do?

chemical reactions to produce proteins occuring on the surface of structure

what are lysomes?

type of organelles that treat waste within cell

what do large intestine do?

breaks down hormones in haemoglobin, toxic substances, and converts ammoneia to uria.

how many part does the nervous system have? what do they do

1. central nervous system (CNS) is sending messages

2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) carry messages to and form CNS

What do neurons do?

they are specialised cells that transmit electrical messages from one part to another in your body. the nerve impulses can only travel in one direction

what does cell body contain; what do they do?

nucleas, control centre of cell

What are dendrites, and what do they do?

brach out from cell body and receive messages from other nerve cell, which sent to cell body

what does axon/fibre do?

send impulses in only one direction- away from cell body

name the 3 types of neurons and what they do

motor: carry messages from CNS to effector

connector: transmit messages between neurons and CNS

sensory: carry messages to brain and spinal chord from cell in sense organs

what are effectors?

muscles and glands that messages into actions

what happend in the space called synapse?

when nerve impulses reach axon terminal at end of axon, neurotransmitter, realeases between neurones.

what is myelin sheath? what does it do?

a insulating layer that covers neurons

it electrically insulates neurons from each other and increase speed of nerve impulse

parts of CNS contains ______________________

neurons that covered in mylelin called 'white matter'

what does cerebum control? how is it structured in brain?

it controls thought and movement of every body part

it split into 2 parts: right and left cerebal hemisphere

what does the right and left cerebal hemisphere control?

right: control left; for creativity

left: control right; for knowledge

where is the base of cerebum located

where skull curves inwards

what is cranium? what does it do?

the covering of bone that protects brain and spinal chord

what does cerebros spinal fluid (CSF) provide?

nutrients to neurons and act as a shock absorber

what do receptors do?

detect heat on skin-activates sensory neurons and sends nerve impulses to spinal chord

what is a reflex arc?

the nerve pathway operating in a reflex action

what is hormones produced by

endocrine glands

where is endocrine located? what happens when all glands are together

all over body, endocrine system

hormones hv specific chemical structure and shape fits______________

chemically on to receptor on cell membrane of target cell

when ecrodine sytem is coordinated by pituary gland it______________

responds to info from hypothalamus

most important function of hypothalmus in link to_____________

nervous and ecrodine system; it releases hormones that act on the pituary gland

what is a pituary gland?

master gland which controls activities of other ecrodine glands

when happens to nervous and ecrodine system when your scared/stressed

ecrondine: realeses adrenaline

nervous: network neurons to work with ecrodine

whats homeostasis?

process of maintaining consistent interval enviroment

what does homeostasis involve?

Receptors that are sensitive to a particular stimulus and effectors that have an effect on the same stimulus called 'feedback system'

example of homeostasis

regulation of body temperature

what ectothermic

when animals cannot maintain a constant internal body tempx

what does hypothalamous do?

act on pituary gland to control body temp through actions on thyroid gland; also recieves and detect bofy temp

thyroxine travel in blood to ____________ and ______________________

all cells, and cause rate of metabolism in cell in increase

what system is controlled by body temp

bynerouse system

when hypothalamus detect drop in temp it________________________

sends nerve impulses to muscle group around vital organs

what does nervous control do?

reduce blood flow to skin when cold; the sympathetic nervous sytem causes narrowing of blood vessel near surface of skin

when body feels hot___________________________

hypothalamus detects and nerve messages are sent to sweat glands and blood vessels to sweat.

what are the ways pathogens can enter you body?

food, water, breathing in, cuts, wound, contact

what happens when pathogens enter body tissue?

affects area, then becomes red, hot, swollen (inflamed)

what happens when you have inflammation?

certain immune cells realease histamine

what is histamine?

chemical that cause more bloof to flow in infected area

where is neutrophils? and what is it?

it within blood that are type of white blood cell. it consumes and destroy bacteria

whats lymphatic system?

series of vessel and capillaries that carry fluid around your cells back to heart

where are lymph nodes? what does it contain?

incease of lymphatic system there are nodes. it contains a large number of different ehit blood cell

what does anitbodies do?

cause pathogens to clump together, slowing macrophages to destroy pathogens and create immunity

viruses dont need__________________________________

nitrients, produce waste or exchange gases with enviroment

viruses invade________________________________ to __________________________

host cell to make thousands of indentica viruses

viruses dont show______________________________________

any signs of life outside a living cell

________________________- stops reproduction of viruses it______________________

antiviral drugs, interfers virus in host cell

what is a nanotrapt? what happens?

molecules cells that imitate surface of cell membrance that virus use to enter cell. hence viruses bind nanotraps rather than entering host cell

where does parasite live? what do they do?

live in/on host

it takes nutrients from it, while host gets nothing back and get harmed.

whats anticoagulant?

a chemical in host body to prevent blood from clotting

where does spored need to live in? what is it made out of?

warm, moist place to grow

made out of single cell with tough skin

what does tinea do?

grows on skin, hair or nails

in makes skin inflammed with ring shape called "ring worm"

what happens when tinea euns out of dead cells? how can it be treated

it attacks living cell which makes skin red and itchy

it can be treaded with fungicide

what does diet describe

describes what you eat

why protein important?

growth, repair tissues

why carb important?

source of energy

why vitiman important?

chemical reaction in body

why fats important?

energy, to store energy in fats

why minerals important?

functions for body

what does water carry in blood?

nutrients, it carries around to give where used

why does people have kwashiorkor?

lack of protein, potbelly bc stomach muscle is weakend

why does people have scurvy?

no access to fresh veg and fruit and lack of vitiman c. gum swollen, teeth fall out, bleeding gums, wounds infected

kindney need _____________________ to ______________________ bc_________________

salt

balance water and salt in body

cell tissue and connect volumes of blood circulates around body

what is insuline? why do we need it?

hormones that lowers level of gluclose in blood

without it, gluclose remains in blood and energy needed for growth, repair, and functions

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

body stop produce insulin

immune system destroy insulin

person can be undernourish bc cannot releasewhat energy

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

body becomes resistant to insulin

normal or high blood

high gluclose level ---- gluclose will become fat

what happens in hypothalamus

regulating functions like body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone release through the pituitary gland.

whats the anabolic process

releasing energy from simple sugar glucose for carrying out life.

what does CNS stand for?

central nervous system

wheres the medula?

the bottom-most part of your brain

where does the spinal chord enter skull

brain stem

cellular respiration happens in___________________

mitochondria

whats providing adrenaleina? and what system is it part of

adrenal glands, endocrine system

where do and what do connector neurons connect to other neurons?

synapses

what do histamines do?

regulating the sleep-wake cycle, supporting brain function, and aiding in digestion.

what do espestous effect?

lung

Is overnutrition good for you

no, its a type of malnutrition

what does ricket do?

low in vitiman D

What method can contaminate spread of infectious virus

contact with contaminated body tissues or objects:

What method can contaminate spread of non infectious virus

genetics, environment, and lifestyle

What nutrient is used a main source of body

Carbohydrates