APUSH Period 4

War Hawks

Republicans during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain. Support War of 1812

Henry Clay

The Great Compromiser; Persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise; Speaker of the House of Representatives and political leader from Kentucky; war hawk during the War of 1812

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation, The Western Confederacy against U.S. expansion westward. Fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe vs. the US government, William Henry Harrison was the gov. of Indiana territory. Also fought with the British in the War of 1812.

Prophet

True Indian name: Tenskawatata. Brother of Tecumseh. Worked to unite Ohio Indian tribes against the US government. Believed indians had to end their reliance on American goods.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The all-day battle where the US government attacked an Indian settlement at Prophetstown.

Strict interpretation

whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done

John Marshall

Aristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states

Judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case in which the Court first asserted the power of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

Hartford Convention

a meeting of twenty-six Federalists in Connecticut, where some attendees issued calls for New England to secede from the United States. Made Federalists appear unpatriotic. Discredited the Federalist Party and led to its downfall.

Barbary Pirates

stole U.S. Cargo, seized American ships and imprisoned U.S. Sailors. under Thomas Jefferson. First conflict involving Americans overseas.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Embargo Act

An 1807 law that imposed a total ban on foreign trade. Had a devastating effect on American commerce. This law prohibited American ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France stopped seizing them on the high seas. As a result of the embargo, American commerce came to a near-total halt. Was a response to impressment that was common during the Napoleonic Wars.

Nonintercourse Act

Allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France. Lifts the trade restrictions of the Embargo Act.

Battle of Lake Erie

The Americans won this battle in the War of 1812 and their captain was Oliver Hazard Perry.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle in the War of 1812 (after the war ended) where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks

Creek Nation

Southeastern Native American tribe that was relocated under the Indian Removal Act. Andrew Jackson commanded US military forces to remove these people from Georgia. They lost 22 million acres in Georgia and Alabama

Battle of New Orleans

Made Andrew Jackson a hero and was the last major conflict of the War of 1812. Was actually fought AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Sectionalism

love of a particular place or region. Was a huge problem in the US leading up to the Civil War. US was deeply divided between North and South.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Second Bank of the US

a national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 that created a new currency. National bank charter had expired in 1811 and Congress did not renew the charter. Congress approved this to replace the original. Jackson vetoed the charter to renew because many people saw it as catering to the wealthy elite.

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Panic of 1819

Happened because More than two hundred banks existed in the United States in 1816, and almost all of them issued paper money with no standard value. First American economic crisis caused by dubious bank practices and decreased consumption. The Second Bank of the United States was created to stabilize the banking system. .

Robert Fulton

Built the first paddle-wheel steamboat

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" who brought the first textile machines to America

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's

Unions

Associations of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Missouri Compromise

Laws enacted in 1820 to maintain balance of power between slave and free states. Missouri and Maine (which had been part of Massachusetts) would enter the Union at the same time, Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state. To prevent similar conflicts each time a territory applied for statehood, a line coinciding with the southern border of Missouri (at latitude 36° 30') was drawn across the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. Slavery could exist south of this line but was forbidden north of it, with the obvious exception of Missouri.

Rush Bagot Agreement

Limited the naval power on the Great Lakes for both th US and Canada

Florida Purchase Treaty

Purchased by JQA because the Spanish couldn't defend it.

Monroe Doctrine

a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. warned foreign powers to stay out of the affairs of both North and South America.

Nativists

valued white Americans with older family trees over more recent immigrants, and rejecting outside influences in favor of their own local customs. also capitalize on a sense of fear over perceived foreign threats.

Know Nothing Party

a political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant. Committed to halting further immigration.

"peculiar institution"

the name for slavery in the ante bellum south. Abolitionists hoped to use religious fervor to eliminate this forever.

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia. He was tried, hanged, and then beheaded and quartered. As a result, the Va state legislature discussed ending slavery in the state to provide greater security. However, slavery was not ended in the state, and the rebellion actually led to stricter enforcement of fugitive slave laws.

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Daniel Webster

-Massachusetts Congressman. Anti-Jacksonian.

Indian Removal Act

A law authorizing the removal of Eastern Native American tribes to western territories. Displaced Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw and Seminole tribes of the Southeastern US.

Cherokee Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokees from the Southeastern US. Caused the deaths of as many as 4000 Cherokee and was a result of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act

Panic of 1837

banks collapsed and an economic depression followed. financial depression that began in response to the Specie Circular. cotton prices plummeted. Politically useful for opponent of Jackson. Helps the Whig party gain political prominence.

"King Caucus"

the political parties' congressional delegations met informally to nominate their presidential and vice presidential candidates, leaving the general public with no direct input. Heavily criticized b/c it led to a lot of potential corruption and backroom dealing.

Anti-Masonic party

1st national convention in Phil.

"corrupt bargain"

Election of 1824 was a tie between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. It was decided in the HoR through a questionable backroom political deal. JQA ends up winning the election. Jackson supporters call foul.

Tariff of 1828/ Tariff of Abominations

JQA raised taxes on imported goods to help his home state of Mass. Those who championed states rights were opposed. Burden fell most heavily on southern states and contributed to sectional tensions.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

Nullification crisis

the idea that a state can declare a law null and void if they don't like it. South Carolina wanted to nullify

State's rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

John C. Calhoun

South carolinian war hawk; Calhoun championed slavery and states' rights.

Robert Owen

a Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland

Oneida Community

Utopian experimental society founded by John Humphrey Noyes in New York. Advocated "complex" marriages.

Horace Mann

education reformer

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

American Temperance Society

1826 early moral reform group who aimed to outlaw alcohol

Asylum movement

development of insane asylums vs prisons; led by Dorothea Dix. Public hangings declined as a result.

Dorothea Dix

Prison Reform and Mentally Ill Reform Leader

William Lloyd Garrison

White Abolitionist - Early 1800s - published The Liberator

Fredrick Douglass

leading African American abolitionist; accomplished orator and writer

Harriet Tubman

famous leader of the Underground Railroad

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and feminist who spoke against slavery and for the rights of women

Nat Turner

Led the most famous slave revolt in 1831

Antebellum period

period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812

Transcendentalists

writers that focused on the relationship of humans and nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Founder of Transcendentalism, wrote "Nature," "Compensation," and "Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist, wrote "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience"

Second Great Awakening

late 1700s-early 1800s movement of Christian renewal

Revivalism

Belief in or the promotion of a revival of religious fervor.

Brigham Young

Mormon leader who moved his followers to Utah to practice their religion in peace

Cult of domesticity

a belief that married women should restrict their activities to their home and family

Lucretia Mott

Organized Seneca Falls Convention

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Crusaded against slavery before organizing a movement for women's rights.

Seneca Falls Convention

the first organized public meeting about women's rights held in the United States

Susan B. Anthony

a leader of the women's suffrage movement and the temperance movement

Worcester v. Georgia

asserted the rights of non-natives to live on Indian lands. The Supreme Court stated that the Cherokee constituted "distinct political communities" with sovereign rights to their own territory. This essentially made the Indian Removal Act unconstitutional, but the courts could not enforce the ruling. And Indian relocation happened anyway.

Cherokee v. Georgia

argued that the Cherokee constituted an independent foreign nation, and that an injunction (a stop) should be placed on Georgia laws aimed at eradicating them. In 1831, the Supreme Court found the Cherokee did not meet the criteria for being a foreign nation.