Key Events in Spanish and English History

Significant event in 1474

The death of her brother

Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469

It united the two most powerful kingdoms in Spain

NOT a direct result of the Spanish Inquisition

Economic prosperity for Spain

Granada Campaign (1482-1492)

Ended nearly 800 years of Muslim rule in Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella's government reform

They reduced noble power and formed an alliance with the church, gaining the ability to appoint Bishops.

Economic reform during Ferdinand and Isabella's reign

Standardization of currency

Catholic Monarchs' support of Christopher Columbus

The establishment of the Spanish colonial empire

Challenges faced by Charles V (1516-1556)

Religious conflicts with Lutheran princes and Ottoman expansion

Philip II's approach to religious matters

He established strict Catholic orthodoxy and persecuted other faiths

Major setbacks during Philip II's reign

Failed invasion of England and Dutch rebellion

English naval strategy against the Spanish Armada

Using smaller, more maneuverable ships and long-range firearms

Role of weather in the Spanish Armada's defeat

Strong storms forced many Spanish ships to crash along the British and Irish coasts

Long-term impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada

England became the dominant naval power and expanded its empire

The Huguenots

French Protestants

Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism

Political necessity to rule France

Edict of Nantes

Equal rights for Huguenots

Cardinal Richelieu's primary goal

Strengthen royal authority and France's position

Richelieu's treatment of the Huguenots

He destroyed their armies but preserved religious rights

Thirty Years' War

Initially began as a religious conflict in Bohemia

Peace of Westphalia

German states becoming independent

Principle established by the Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The concept of state sovereignty

Economic factor impacting Spain's empire decline

Neglect of trade and industry

Architectural project commissioned by Louis XIV

The Palace of Versailles

Consequence of Louis XIV's religious intolerance

France lost valuable artisans and business leaders

Impact of Louis XIV's frequent wars on France

They depleted the French treasury

Primary cause of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

The death of Charles II of Spain without a direct heir

Peace of Utrecht

A series of peace treaties that ended the War of Spanish Succession

Significant religious settlement during Elizabeth I's reign

The establishment of the Church of England

Queen Elizabeth I's response to the Spanish Armada in 1588

She organized a successful naval defense that defeated the Spanish fleet

Elizabeth I's approach to marriage

She remained unmarried, becoming known as the 'Virgin Queen'

Impact of Elizabeth I's reign on England's global position

England established its first colonies and became a major naval power

Petition of Right (1628)

Established the principle of no taxation without Parliamentary consent

Immediate event triggering the English Civil War in 1642

Charles I's attempt to arrest five members of Parliament

Oliver Cromwell's rule

Religious tolerance was NOT implemented

Restoration of 1660

Resulted in the coronation of Charles II

Conflict during James II's reign

His Catholic faith and absolutist tendencies

Glorious Revolution of 1688

Resulted in the peaceful transition to William and Mary