bio315 exam 4

Bowman's capsule

initial ultrafiltration of primary urine from blood plasma

Proximal convoluted tubule

reabsorption of most filtrate, some secretion

Loop of Henle

establishment of interstitial fluid osmotic gradient important for final urine formation in the collecting duct

Distal convoluted tubule

additional reabsorption and secretion

Collecting duct

final adjustment of urine composition

Nephron function equation

Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed + Amount secreted = Amount of solute excreted

where is estrogen and testosterone secreted?

in the gonads

what does the hypothalamus do?

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior, and emotional responses

what is the pregnancy hormone?

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

what does aerobic exercise do in phys?

skeletal muscles contract over a long period of time. ex: running

what does anaerobic exercise do in phys?

done briefly. ex: lifting, sprinting; over a short period of time

when does the bohr effect happen?

when exercising, making more co2 drop in affinity

Hypometabolism

low rate of metabolic activity, where body tissues or brain cells consume less energy (e.g., glucose) than normal

how is luteal phase triggered

by ovulation (specifically the surge in LH),

when does fertilization occur

it typically happens after the luteal phase has already begun

polycythemia

a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells (RBCs), leading to thicker blood, reduced flow, and heightened clotting risk

what happens in type 1 (long term exercise)

more mitochondria

lipid droplets

capillaries closer to fibers

easier for o2 to diffuse in

boosting CO

what happens in type II (short term exercise)

fibers should grow with more myofibrils, generating more force and glycogen

hyperglemia

high blood sugar thus high glut4 and glucose uptake

one being faster than the other is due

to vo2 max being high, larger lung ventricles

more mitochondria density

hypoxemia

low po2 of high altitude air. this will increase alveolar ventilation , less co2 and increase in blood pH

decrease muscle fiber diameter and shorter diffusion

suppresses metabolism and uses glucose for fuel

hypoxia

deprived of o2

increases gene expression and hematocrit

what is hypoxia caused from?

anemia - not enough rbc/hemorrhage

epas1 help manage this

eugenics

biological factors were primary drivers of human mental abilites

estimating gfr

sees how fast kidneys filter blood into urine

where are fluids distributed (in urinary system)

plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid

body fluid consists of

volume

osmolarity

conc. of solutes

pH

the urinary system regulates this

how does water get in our system

eating/drinking

amino acid made from biochem reactions

aerobic mech

how does water get in out system

exocrine gland (sweat)

urine excretion

breathing out (water out of lungs)

hyperosmotic -less dilute/more concentrate (less fluid)

u/p is greater than one

hypoosmotic -more dilute/less concentrated (more fluid)

u/p is less than one

nephrons

functional kidneys is responsible for urine formation ; thena lot of solute reabsobred and secreted

glomerular filtration

kidney's initial process of filtering waste, fluids, and electrolytes from the blood. excludes large plasma solutes, proteins but allows the rest to lumen of nephron

increase in blood pressure

increase in filtration

2nd major energy input to kindney and urine formation

active transport of na+ and na+/k+ pump

- favorable gradient solutes are reabsorbed early on

countercurrent multiplier

uses energy to create an osmotic gradient in the intersitual fluid

descending side of loop of henle

water reabsorbed by osmosis, passive transport

ascending side of loop of henle

more k+/na+, hyperosmotic

what hormones affect the kidney?

vasopressin and aldosterone

vasopressin

acts on cells on conducting duct -during the process of urine forming and reabsorbing h2o. increase plasma volume and blood pressure

osmolarity high

RAAS system (aldosterone)

in distal tubule and conducting duct- reabsorbing na+ (then more h2o reabsorbs)

increased vasopressin happens

if urine is concentrated

decreased vasopressin happens

if urine is dilute

what is renin

it is a enzyme in RAAS signaling which helps bring the low blood pressure back to normal

when body fluid is low (sweating or thirsty)

plasma osmolarity is high

organizational effects of hormones

during development, brain structure differs in sexes

activational effects of hormones

sex steroid levels, testosterone, estrogen, oxytocin

parthenogentic species

sexual ancestors only females that reproduce w/o fetilization

hermaphroditic species

can be male or female reproducing and producing both sperm and egg

also not always for reproduction

circulatory shunt

allows blood to bypass non func pulmonary circuit cuz the fetus has not developed that yet.