ALFRED ADLER - INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

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65 Terms

1

Alfred Adler

Austrian psychiatrist who developed individual psychology, emphasizing early recollections, a sense of inferiority, and social connections.

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2

Individual Psychology

Adler's theory presenting an optimistic view of human nature, highlighting social interest and the drive for superiority.

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3

Social Interest

The feeling of connectedness with humanity, emphasized in Adler's theory as crucial for personal growth.

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4

Freud

Psychologist who focused on sex and aggression as motivators, differing from Adler's emphasis on social influences and the drive for superiority.

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5

Personality Formation

While Freud believed past experiences shaped personality with little personal choice, Adler saw individuals as responsible for shaping their own personalities.

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6

Behavior Causation

Freud argued that present behavior is driven by past experiences, while Adler believed behavior is shaped by future goals and aspirations.

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7

Conscious Awareness

Freud emphasized unconscious motives, contrasting with Adler's belief that psychologically healthy individuals are usually aware of their actions and reasons.

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8

Adler's Break from Freud

Adler diverged from Freud due to theoretical and personal disagreements, establishing his own theory known as individual psychology.

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9

Birth of Alfred Adler

February 7, 1870, in Rudolfsheim, Austria, to a middle-class Jewish grain merchant father and homemaker mother.

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10

Sibling Rivalry

Adler experienced intense competition with his healthier older brother, Sigmund, which influenced his perspective on success and competition.

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11

Jewish Background

Adler, like Freud, came from a Viennese Jewish family but converted to Protestantism and had no strong religious convictions.

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12

Early Trauma Impact

Adler's childhood traumas, including the death of his brother, motivated his career in medicine and shaped his theory emphasizing overcoming challenges.

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13

Adler's Education

Struggled in school but graduated as a physician in 1895 after threats of being apprenticed as a shoemaker due to poor performance.

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14

Adler's Professional Career

Started as an eye specialist, shifted to psychiatry, and had a significant theoretical divergence from Freud, leading to the formation of the Society for Individual Psychology.

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15

Adler's Later Life

Resided in the U.S. from 1932, admired American optimism, and had interests in music, art, and literature.

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16

Adler's Death

Experienced a health decline in 1937, suffered a heart attack during a speaking tour, and passed away on May 28, 1937, in Aberdeen, Scotland.

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17

Influence of Alfred Adler

Adler's ideas influenced later theorists such as Harry Stack Sullivan, Karen Horney, and Abraham H. Maslow, despite being less well-known than Freud or Carl Jung.

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18

Core Tenets of Adlerian Theory

Includes striving for success, subjective perceptions, unified personality, social interest, style of life, and creative power as fundamental aspects of human behavior.

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19

Striving for Success or Superiority

Primary driving force behind behavior according to Adler, reducing all motivations to this single drive.

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20

Final Goal in Adlerian Theory

Individuals strive toward a fictional final goal of personal superiority or success for all humankind, shaping behavior and personality.

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21

Influence of Physical Inferiorities

Physical deficiencies at birth lead to feelings of inferiority, motivating striving for compensation and setting goals for personal development.

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22

Compensation and Goal Setting

Striving for compensation for feelings of inferiority leads individuals to set goals from a young age, guiding their psychological development.

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23

Striving for Personal Superiority vs. Success

Personal superiority focuses on personal gain, potentially leading to socially nonproductive behavior, as outlined in Adler's theory.

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24

Personal Superiority

Focused on personal gain, often leading to socially nonproductive behavior.

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25

Success

Motivated by social interest and concern for the well-being of others, leading to healthier psychological development.

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26

Role of Subjective Perceptions

People's behavior and personality are shaped by subjective perceptions rather than objective reality.

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27

Fictionalism

Important fictions, like beliefs or expectations about the future, guide behavior and create a unified personality.

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28

Teleological View

Adler's theory emphasizes teleology (behavior motivated by future goals) over causality (behavior driven by past experiences).

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29

Physical Inferiorities and Fictions

Physical deficiencies create subjective feelings of inferiority, prompting the creation of fictional goals to overcome these deficiencies.

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30

Fundamental Unity

Personality is unified and indivisible, with all behaviors and actions directed toward a single goal.

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31

Organ Dialect

Adler introduced 'organ dialect' to describe how bodily conditions reflect an individual's goal.

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32

Conscious and Unconscious Harmony

Adler viewed the conscious and unconscious as a unified system, not opposing forces.

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33

Style of Life

Adler's term for the unique flavor of an individual's life, including goals, self-concept, feelings for others, and worldview.

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34

Creative Power

The ability of individuals to shape their own lives and personalities.

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35

Abnormal Development in Adlerian Theory

Adler posited that maladjustment stems from underdeveloped social interest.

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36

Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies

Physical deficiencies alone do not cause maladjustment; feelings of inferiority, exacerbated by these deficiencies, contribute to issues.

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37

Pampered Style of Life

Characterized by weak social interest, expectation of excessive care from others, extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity, impatience, and exaggerated emotions.

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38

Neglected Style of Life

Originates from feelings of being unloved or unwanted, leading to low self-confidence, distrust, and difficulty cooperating with others.

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39

Safeguarding Tendencies

Behaviors designed to protect an inflated self-image from public scrutiny and maintain one's current style of life.

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40

Masculine Protest

The overemphasis on masculinity influenced by cultural and social practices rather than inherent anatomical differences.

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41

Masculine Orientation

Some women resist traditional roles by becoming assertive and competitive.

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42

Passive Role

Some women adopt a passive role, becoming excessively obedient.

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43

Resignation

Some women accept a subordinate position, shifting responsibilities to men.

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44

Freud's View

Freud believed in 'anatomy is destiny' and viewed women as psychologically mysterious and inferior, indicating a strong masculine protest.

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45

Adler's View

Adler opposed Freud's views, asserting that women have similar physiological and psychological needs as men and seek similar goals.

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46

Family Constellation

Refers to a person's birth order, sibling gender, and age differences.

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47

Firstborns

Feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, and overprotectiveness.

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48

Secondborns

Generally develop cooperation and social interest, may become competitive or discouraged based on the older child's attitude.

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49

Youngest Children

Typically pampered, leading to strong feelings of inferiority and dependence, motivated to surpass older siblings in various domains.

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50

Only Children

Compete against parents, possibly developing an inflated self-concept and lack of cooperation.

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51

Early Recollections

To understand a patient's personality and style of life, reflecting current style of life and giving clues to goals and attitudes.

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52

Dreams

Provide clues for solving future problems, reflecting the dreamer's goals and style of life.

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53

Psychotherapy

Enhance courage, reduce feelings of inferiority, and encourage social interest through techniques like overcoming resistance and public therapy.

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54

Verification and Falsifiability

Adler's concepts are difficult to verify or falsify, such as the relationship between early recollections and current style of life.

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55

Generation of Research

Adlerian theory generates substantial research on early recollections, social interest, and style of life.

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56

Organization of Knowledge

Adlerian theory offers a broad framework for understanding human behavior, accommodating various behaviors and development patterns.

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57

Guidance for Action

Provides practical guidelines for therapists, teachers, and parents using information from birth order, dreams, early recollections, and childhood difficulties.

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58

Internal Consistency and Operational Definitions

Lacks precise operational definitions for key concepts like 'goal of superiority' and 'creative power'.

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59

Simplicity and Parsimony

Adler's writings are noted for being awkward and unorganized, affecting the theory's simplicity.

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60

Self-Determination

People are primarily self-determined, shaping their personalities based on the meanings they give to their experiences.

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61

Interpretation of Experiences

People's interpretations of experiences are more crucial than the experiences themselves, driven by present perceptions of the past and future expectations.

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62

Forward Movement

Motivated by future goals rather than innate instincts or past events, allowing for reshaping goals and altering life.

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63

Change and Adaptation

Final goal fixed during early childhood but allows for temporary, flexible goals throughout life.

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64

Responsibility and Creative Power

Individuals are responsible for their personalities and can transform feelings of inadequacy into social interest or personal superiority.

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65

Ratings on Concept of Humanity Dimensions

Includes ratings on free choice, optimism, causality, unconscious influences, social factors, and uniqueness of individuals.

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