The Second Cold War

Who did the PDPA - People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan - threaten to otherthrow which threatened USSR influence?

Mohammad Daoud Khan

Why was Amin not a reliable ally for USSR influence?

• Could not contain islamic opposition in the mujahadeen

• The party was split into factions and some were being seduced by the likes of China, the US and Pakistan

What else triggered the Soviet insecurity of a power struggle?

The loss of control over the Warsaw Pact

A polish pope was elected in October 1978

Who did Khomeini replace in Iran?

Pahlavi - who was Pro-US

Vienna Summit 1979:

Stressed that neither the US or USSR should be interfering in the middle east.

When did the USSR invade Afghanistan?

December 1979

What was Carter’s reaction to Soviet invasion?

• Halted trade

• Increased defence budget

• Put an embargo on sales of US grain to USSR

• Asked the senate to postpone conversation of SALT II

Carter Doctrine:

Prevent Soviet advance into the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia

What did Reagan attack Carter for?

Being ‘Soft on communism’

What did Reagan also play on Carter’s failure to do?

Rescue US hostages from Tehran during the Islamic revolution 1979

Reagan Cold War Policy:

• Rejected detente, called the USSR the ‘evil empire’

• Increased defence budget to $1.4 Trillion

• Deployed 700 Nuclear weapons

• Authorised nuclear submarine exercises near soviet waters and SDI or ‘Star Wars’

Thatcher Cold War Policy:

• Also sceptical of Detente, preferred deterrence

• Supported NATO militarily and economically

• Valued the relationship with US and Reagan

When did Thatcher and Reagan take office?

1979 and 1980

What was Thatcher critical of?

SDI and Nuclear Arms Limitations - She vouched to continue with Trident.

What did Reagan do as a token of the special relationship?

Extradited IRA terrorists who were living in the US

Reasons Polish Pope John Paul II was a threat to USSR:

• Protection of human rights

• Wanted religious freedom

• Wanted open borders

• He also encouraged reconciliation and reunification of Europe

Rise of Solidarity:

• Led by Lech Walesa

• TU’s called for a new super union

• Caused by a crushing foreign debt

The protests of solidarity

• 300,000 strike over 100% rise in food prices that was government-imposed

• Government officially recognises solidarity as a political organisation

• Membership increases by 5.9 Million 1980-1981

• Jaruzelski becomes PM and employs Martial Law

• This arrested 10,000 plus Lech Walesa

• Walesa wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983

• The USA impose economic sanctions

The shooting of KAL 007 - 1983

• Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot by a soviet interceptor

• Killed 269 People - 61 Americans

• The Soviets accused the US of spying within its airspace

• Reagan called it a ‘crime against humanity’

• The USSR blamed the CIA and never apologised

‘Able Archer’ - November 1983

• It was codename for a NATO wargame

• USSR mistakenly believed there was an actual US ICBM attack in progress

• US Security alert raised to the highest possible level and provoked panic in Warsaw Pact.

What missiles were stationed in Europe by the US since 1979?

Pershing II missiles