June 2024 final exam

Identify the major fishery resources of economic importance to The Bahamas.

Queen Conch, Nassau Grouper, Lobster

-How does the fishing industry contribute to the Bahamian economy?

provides jobs, income, source of food, supports tourism through sports fishing.

-Explain why there are fewer fish found in the waters of the Caribbean than in the waters of the northern hemisphere.

There are more nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the waters of the cold and temperate waters of the Northen hemisphere

Identify the types/categories of fishing gear

Nets, Lines, Impaling gear, Traps and Pots

Examples of Traps and pots & organisms captured

Wooden traps, wire rectangular trap / spiny lobster, grouper

Types of Impaling gear & organisms it is used to capture

Hawaiian sling harpoon / crawfish, grouper

Types of Lines & organisms it is used to capture

hook, line and sinker; electric snapper reels / red snapper

Types of Nets & organisms it is used to capture

seine nets, bully net / jacks, yellow snappers, grunts

-Advantages and disadvantages of using nets

Advantage -large quantities of fish captured

Disadvantage – not all fish caught are marketable size

Advantages and disadvantages of using lines

Advantage - may be selective in catch, unwanted catch can be returned to sea

Disadvantage – hooks may snag and damage coral reefs

Advantages and disadvantages of using traps & pots

Advantage – traps can be left unattended, can be moved

Disadvantage – traps may be lost with fish trapped inside or stolen

Advantages and disadvantages of using impaling gear

Advantage – divers can be selective with catch

Disadvantage – time consuming, damage to coral reefs

-Regulations governing the use of wooden traps

slats of wooden traps must be 1” apart

Explain how these regulations help with the conservation of marine resources.

by promoting good fishing practices, reducing by-catch, and protecting them

size limit on spiny lobster

carapace length of 5.5” and must be at least 3.5” inches in size

Spiny lobster closed season

May 1st - June 30th

Regulations on queen conch

Must have a well-formed lip before harvest

queen conch scientific name

Lobatus gigas

spiny lobster scientific name

Panulirus argus

Nassau grouper scientific name

Epinephelus striatus

Nassau grouper closed season

December 1st - February 28th

Stone crab size regulations

claw size must be 4”

Stone crab closed season

June 1st - October 15th

size regulations on Nassau grouper

must be at least 3lbs

Know illegal fishing methods and how they negatively impact the environment.

Bleach fishing - changes pH of the water which can kill coral polyps which could over time lead to reef destruction; kills organisms indiscriminately

Use of explosives

Use of scuba gear

Use of fish nets with a minimum mesh gauge of less than 2 inches

Why is conservation of our fishing industry important? What actions can be taken to conserve it?

It is important because if we don’t there will be a decrease in fish which negatively impacts the industry. To do this we can protect mangroves, public education enforces laws on fishing

-Explain the importance of mangroves to the fishing industry

Nursery grounds that provide food shelter and protection to young fish, allowing a greater chance for a fish to mature and reproduce to increase population

Explain the negative effects of overfishing

Decreased number of fish meaning little reproduction

-Define the term agriculture.

The practice of cultivating the land and raising livestock

-Explain the importance of agriculture to the Bahamas

Jobs & food

Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming.

Subsistence farming is done on a small scale to meet a family’s needs, with little scientific application, modern technology, and a small farm. While commercial farming is done on a large scale, to make money, with modern technology and scientific applications and a large farm.

-Identify tools used by subsistence farmers

cutlass, shovel, pickax, hoes, digging stick

-Identify tools used by commercial farmers

harrows, tractors, ploughs 

-Identify and explain two methods of farming practiced in the Bahamas.

slash & burn, shifting cultivation

-Identify three categories of pesticides

 herbicides, fungicides, insecticides

-Identify FOUR major crop producing islands of the Bahamas and identify two major crops they produce.

Andros – tomatoes, orange

Eleuthera – pineapple, orange

Cat Island – beans and tomatoes

Long Island – beans and peas

-State the function of ‘packing houses

Packing houses ensure more grading and better packaging on farm produce, reduces losses incurred by farmers

-Identify TWO major problems faced by Bahamian farmers and suggest a solution for each problem stated

• Negative attitude toward farming as a job, we can inform the public on the importance of farming.

  Inadequate transportation of agricultural crops to market, we can provide transportation

Ten years ago, the Produce Exchange handled about 75% of the marketing of fruits and vegetables.  Today the figure is about 40% or less.  What do you think are some of the reasons for this decline?  State TWO possible reasons.

Increased competition and changing consumer preferences

- Explain how the use of fertilizers can result in pollution

oil run-off/leaching leading to eutrophication

-Define the term ‘deforestation’

The large-scale removal of trees

-State and Explain TWO negative effects that deforestation may have on the environment.

increase in carbon dioxide concentrations, global warming

Suggest how deforestation can be reduced or controlled.

Enforce forest conservation laws and public education

-Explain the negative effects of too much irrigation water on a farm land.

soil becomes water-logged and anoxic🡪growth of denitrifying bacteria🡪soil depleted of nitrates

-Explain TWO ways in which technology has impacted the practice of agriculture.

reduced labor costs, increased efficiency, faster farming, less labour

-Suggest why farming has been generally unsuccessful in the Bahamas.

poor soil, negative attitudes of Bahamians towards farming

-State TWO initiatives that the Bahamas government can undertake in an attempt to 

change the negative attitudes of Bahamians towards farming.  Explain how each initiative may help.

education, scholarships, reduced duty on agriculture equipment, issuance of crown land

Cell membrane –

controls what goes and comes out of the cell

nucleus/genetic material

the control center of the cell that has the genetic material (DNA)

cytoplasm

gel like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended

-Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

 Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and are multicellular and prokaryotic have no nucleus and are unicellular

 Nucleus

control center of cell

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Define nutrition.

Nutrition is the process by which living things obtain the substances they need for metabolism(energy), growth and repair

-Identify the 6 major food nutrients and their uses

Carbohydrates- body’s main source of energy

Fats- body’s secondary source of energy , build up cell membrane

Proteins – growth and repair

Vitamins – assist in food absorption and enzyme activity

Minerals – bone health, muscle function, nerve functions, immune function, energy production

Water – activates enzymes, carries waste, transport materials

-Name parts of the body made of protein.

Enzymes, cell membranes, muscles, skin

-Types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides – maltose, sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides – starch, fiber, cellulose

-Know at least TWO good food sources of each of the major food nutrients.

Carbohydrates- apple, peach

Fats- oils, butter

Proteins – meat, fish

Vitamins – citrus fruits, nuts

Minerals – liver, red meat

Water – lettuce, grapes

-Simplest form of a carbohydrate

simple sugars/monosaccharide

-Simplest form of a fat

fatty acids and glycerol

-Simplest form of a protein

amino acids

-Know the causes of the following deficiencies:

Anemia- lack of iron’

Scurvy – lack of vitamin C

Night blindness – lack of vitamin A

 Rickets/Osteoporosis – lack of calcium 

Kwashiorkor – lack of protein

-Importance of fiber in the diet.

Prevent constipation

-Explain why diets high in saturated fat are problematic.

Weight gain also leads to high cholesterol levels which lead to plaque build up because the main ingredient in cholesterol is plaque. Plaque builds up on the wall of the arteries which causes blockages leading to restricted blood flow and formation of blood clots

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins which can be stored in the fat tissues in the body

-What are the water soluble vitamins?

Vitamins that dissolve in water

-Food Groups and the number of servings required each day.

Fruits – 2-4 servings

Vegetables – 3-5 servings

Meat, Nuts, and Eggs – 2-3 servings

Dairy – 2-3 servings

Grains – 6-8 servings

Fats – use sparingly

-What is a balanced diet?

 A diet that consists of all necessary food nutrients in the right proportions

1Kcal =

4.184KJ

-What are the factors that determine how many calories an individual should consume daily?

Age, sex, and occupation

-How would you advise a pregnant mother to change her diet in order to ensure that she has all the proper nutrients needed for her and the developing baby?

increase iron intake for formation of hemoglobin, vitamin D for bone development, protein for baby tissues, folic acid for baby’s nervous system and protein vitamins and calcium for breastmilk production

What is malnutrition? Identify conditions related to malnutrition.

Lack of proper nutrients, meaning too little or too much or the wrong kind. Obesity, Constipation, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

-Identify factors that contribute to malnutrition.

income, type of job, stress levels, lack of activity/exercise, culture

-What are food additives? Explain why these substances are added to food.

Natural or artificial chemicals added to food to stop spoilage, to improve color, or alter flavor

-What are food preservatives?

Substances that stop or slow down food spoilage, increasing food’s shelf life, as they change the pH of the food environment

-Identify negative effects of food additives on populations.

allergic reactions, cancer, hyperactivity in young children

-Causes of World food shortages

droughts (lack of rainfall), war, high demand and reduced supply, diseases that wipe out large numbers of crops or animals, cost of transportation

 Mitochondria –

powerhouse of the cell, produces energy

Vacuole

stores water and minerals

Golgi apparatus

packages and distributes protein

endoplasmic reticulum

involved in protein and lipid synthesis

lysosome

contains enzymes for digestion and waste removal

State THREE differences between plant cells and animal cells.

Plant Cells	Animal Cells
Cell wall	No cell wall
One vacuole	Many vacuoles
Chloroplast	No chloroplast

-State the function of root hair cells.

Absorb water and nutrients which are sent through the tip of the plant’s root

Active transport

the process that is required to move molecules against a concentration gradient. The process the requires energy from respiration

-What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

Temperature, difference in concentration gradient, molecular size, solvent density, distance, surface area of the membrane

-Give biological examples of active transport.

absorption of mineral salts from the soil by the root hair cells, completion of the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

-Know the basic properties of enzymes

they are all protein in nature, they are reusable, they are specific, they work best at an optimum temperature

-Differentiate between catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions.

Catabolic reaction break bonds within substrate causing it to separate into two smaller molecules while anabolic reactions join up to form larger molecules

-Factors affecting enzyme activity

Temperature, pH, enzyme substrate concentration

-Which gut enzyme works best in an acidic environment? In which part of the gut (alimentary canal) is this enzyme produced? State the function of this enzyme.

Pepsin which is produced in the stomach and breaks down large protein molecules into smaller more digestible components

-Be able to give examples and explain how enzymes are used in industry.

Rennin for cheese making (clots milk in first stages of cheese making

Lactase to produce ice cream and condensed milk

Proteases for tenderization of meat

detergents use lipase for the digestion of lipids in the stains