Genetics

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24 Terms

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Genetics
The science behind how traits are passed down from generation to generation.
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Heredity
Passing on characteristics from one generation to another.
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Trait
A specific characteristic of any living thing.
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Gene
A sectioned off piece of chromosome that controls a specific trait.
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Allele (Dominant vs. Recessive)
Variation of a gene. Dominant alleles mask up recessive alleles.
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Genome
The complete set of genes in an organism
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Chromosome
Found in the nucleus of a cell; come in pairs; made of DNA, sectioned off into genes.
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Gregor Mendel
“The father of genetics” who determined inheritance patterns by cross-breeding pea plants.
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Genotype
The genetic term for a trait (Ex. Homozygous recessive).
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Phenotype
The physical trait (Ex. Eye color).
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Homozygous Dominant
A characteristic that received dominant traits from both parents. (Ex. AA, HH, DD)
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Homozygous Recessive
A characteristic that received recessive traits from both parents. (Ex. aa, hh, dd)
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Heterozygous
A characteristic that received a dominant trait from one parent and a recessive trait from the other. (Ex. Aa, Hh, Dd)
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Punnett Square
A Punnett square shows the potential outcome of genotypes and phenotypes from one generation to the next.
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Monohybrid Cross
Cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits. (Ex. AA, aa)
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Dihybrid Cross
Cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene.
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Law of Segregation
Alleles separate when gametes form (meiosis); Each parent randomly passes on only allele for each gene.
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Law of Independent Assortment
Alleles for different genes separate independently of one another when gametes are formed.
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Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over another allele; The phenotype of the heterozygous will be an intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygous. (Ex, Wavy hair)
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Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes. (Ex. Roan Coat)
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Multiple Alleles
Gene that has 3 or more alleles; Multiple alleles increase the number of possible phenotypes but ONLY TWO can be inherited. (Ex. Blood)
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X-linked Recessive Trait
Affected sons are born to unaffected mothers; skips generations; never passed from father to son; all daughters of affected fathers are carriers.
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Polygenic Trait
Trait controlled by two or more genes.
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Pedigree
A pedigree shows whether a trait is present or absent in a family.