Biology Review

Just review if a test comes up

Observations/Questions/Problem

Using the 5 senses

Must be scientific and measurable

Background research

Hypothesis

Prediction of what you think will occur

If and then statement

Observations/Questions/Problem

Using the 5 senses

Must be scientific and measurable

Background research

Hypothesis

Prediction of what you think will occur

If and then statement

Experiment

Planned procedure designed to test hypothesis

Collect data (2 types)

Quantitative- numbers (52)

Qualitative- descriptions (small)

Conclusion

Look at the data (analyze)

Support or reject hypothesis

Share results

Repeatability

Independent Variable

Causes a change

Dependent Variable

What is measured

Control group

The group that does not receive the i.v ensure that the i.v is causing the change

Biotic

Living

Abiotic

Non-living

1). Made of cells with DNA

Multicellular- many cells

Unicellular- one cell

2). Growth and Development

Grow- Get bigger

Develop- Changes

3). Uses energy

Metabolism- Energy used in the body

Autotroph- Creating your own food

Heterotroph- Eating other things for food

4). Reproduce

Asexual- 1 parent, identical offspring

Sexual- 2 parents, unique offspring

5). Maintain homostasis

A steady internal condition from the outside world

6). Respond and adapt to the environment

Environment

Respond to stimuli

Respond

Niche

Organisms role in an ecosystem

Producer

Brings energy into the ecosystem

Primary consumer

Eats producers

Secondary consumer

Eats primary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Eats secondary consumers

3 ecological pyramids

1. Trophic or energy pyramid

2. Biomass pyramids

3. Number pyramid

Energy pyramid

Energy loss and transfer between trophic levels

Biomass Pyramid

Amount of living matter of organisms in each trophic level

Food chain

Linear eating relationships in an ecosystem

Food web

Inter connected food chains in an ecosystem

Trophic levels (trophic=energy)

1. Producers- 1st level

2. Primary consumers- 2nd level

3. Secondary consumers- 3rd level

4. Tertiary consumers- 4th level

Decomposers

Bacteria and fungi breakdown dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment. Decomposers can be at any consumer level

Carbon cycle

Carbon is necessary for life (carbs, protein, etc)

Photosynthesis

Plants and respiration (plants and animals) cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment

Respiration

Adds Co2 to the atmosphere takes out o2

Burning of fossil

fuels (combustion) adds carbon to the environment causing global warming

Dead organisms

(Decomposition and fossilization) and waste products add carbon dioxide

Nitrogen Cycle

Used in proteins and nucleic acids

Lighting and volcanos

Add N to the atmosphere (78%)

Bacteria

In soil/roots creates usable N for plants by chemically changing the nitrogen (fixation)

Assimilation

Allows the plants to use the nitrogen after going through fixation

Phosphorous cycle

Phosphorus is used to make up the cell membrane, DNA and RNA, and energy-storing molecule

Key components

Weathering, decomposition, consumption

Limiting Factor

Any factor that affects population size

Density Dependent

Limiting factor whose effect on population size changes with the population density

Increase effect with larger populations

Density independent

Factor whose effect on population size does not change with population density

Affects population regardless of size

Succession

Species in an ecosystem replace one another over time

Demography

Study of populations

Birth rate (BR)

Number born

Death Rate (DR)

Number died

Immigration (I)

Move into an area

Emigration (E)

Move OUT of an area

Population Growth Rate

(PGR)=(BR+I)-(DR-E)

Exponential Growth (J curve)

Uncontrolled Growth

Shape like a “J”

No limiting factors

As population gets larger, it grows at a faster rate

Logistic Growth (S curve)

Limiting factors take effect

Shape like “S”

Shows carrying capacity (K)

Carrying capacity

The maximum # of organisms an environment can support

Diagrams

that gives us more insight to the population numbers and break the population

Prereproductive

0-14 years

Reproductive

15-44 years old

Post reproductive

45-Dead

Direct activities

Where the action and consequence are the same

Indirect activities

Where the action and consequence are not the same

Non-native species

are introduced to an ecosystem

Non-native species

out compete native species

Bioaccumulation

Humans pollute ecosystem with heavy metal, which accumulate intistive of organisms

Mitigate

Reduce serverity

Conserve

Limit the use

Preserve

Protect what we have

Restore

Bring it back

Succession

Species in an ecosystem replace one another over time

Macromolecules

Large organic molecules

Organic

Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

Monomers

Small organic molecules

Polymer

Many monomers put together