APEURO UNIT 2 #3 Catholic Counter-Reformation and Art of the 16th Century

Catholic Reformation

A major movement within the Catholic Church in the 16th century aimed at reforming its practices and teachings in response to the Protestant Reformation, which led to the establishment of new Catholic doctrines and the reaffirmation of traditional ones.

Pope Paul III

the pope who initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation and convened the Council of Trent.

Council of Trent

A series of meetings held between 1545 and 1563 aimed at addressing issues of church reform and clarifying Catholic doctrine in response to Protestant challenges; upheld most Catholic ideas including transubstantiation and reaffirmed the importance of tradition and the authority of the Pope; began the Papal Index; declared the Church’s power over marriage

EXPANDED the Catholic Church’s power

Inquisition

A group of institutions within the Catholic Church aimed at combating heresy through questioning, interrogation, and enforcing doctrinal conformity; ended up targeting Protestants and searching for heresy among conquered people in the New World

Papal Index (Index of Prohibited Books)

A list of prohibited books created by the Catholic Church to prevent the reading of heretical or dangerous literature.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, he established a religious order focused on education, missionary work, and loyalty to the Pope.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, dedicated to education (focused on both religion and humanism), missionary work, and promoting the Catholic faith; they also reported back to Europe findings about methods of production, such as that of porcelain in China; all male

Saint Teresa

of Avila, a prominent Spanish mystic and reformer of the Carmelite Order, known for her writings on prayer and spirituality as well as her role in the Counter-Reformation.

Ursulines

A Catholic religious order founded in the 16th century, dedicated to educating girls and promoting the Catholic faith, established by Saint Angela Merici; much like a feminine version of the Jesuits; they also had a missionary impulse

Carmelite Order

A Catholic religious order known for its contemplative life and spirituality, reformed by Saint Teresa of Avila during the Counter-Reformation.

church dogma

The set of doctrines established by the Catholic Church, governing its beliefs and practices, often challenged during the Reformation; affirmed in the Council of Trent

baroque

A highly decorative and theatrical style of architecture, art, and music that emerged in Europe in the late 16th century, characterized by grandiosity and dramatic expressions, often associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation; replaced mannerist art

Artemisia Gentileschi

A prominent Italian Baroque painter known for her powerful depictions of biblical women and her contributions to the art world during the 17th century.

Peter Paul Rubens

A leading Flemish Baroque painter known for his dynamic compositions, vibrant color, and exuberant figures. His works often celebrated themes of mythology, religion, and history.

Bernini

An Italian Baroque artist and architect; renowned for his sculptures and dramatic fountains, most notably the Throne of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica.

Mannerism

A style of art that emerged in the Reformation, characterized by elongated forms, exaggerated poses, and a lack of clear perspective, often reflecting emotional intensity.

El Greco

A Greek painter who became significant in the Spanish Renaissance, known for his distinctive, mannerist style that combines elements of Byzantine art, elongated figures, and dramatic use of color, often depicting religious subjects.