electrolytes, lvls, functions, etc (explains all)

Normal Sodium Levels

135 - 145 mEg/L

Function of Sodium

Regulate Fluid Volume

Help maintain blood volume

Interact with calcium to maintain contraction

Stimulate nerve impulses

Regulation of Sodium?

Moves by active transport cell membrane

Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels

Reabsorbed and excreted though kidneys

Low Sodium may be caused by excess water intake

Sodium falls Water!

Normal Potassium Levels

3.5-5 mEq/L

Function of Potassium

Maintains ICF osmolarity

Regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm

Transmits electrical impulses

Assists with acid-base balance

Regulation of Potassium

Regulated by aldosterone

Excreted and conserved through the kidneys

Loss through diuretics and vomiting/ diarrhea

Sources of Potassium

Bananas, oranges, apricots, carrots, potatoes, tomatoes, spiniach, dairy and meat

Sources of Sodium

Table salt, cheese, milk, processed foods, canned foods, preservatives

Normal Calcium Levels

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

Function of Clacium

Promotes transmission of nerve impulses

Major component of bone and teeth

Regulates muscle contraction

Formation of blood clots

Catalyst for cellular activites

Regulation of Clacium

Combines with phosphorus to form teeth and bones

PTH stimulates release of Calcium

Absorption stimulated by Vitamin D

Sources of Calcium

Milk, Dark green veggies, salmon, breads

Normal Magnesium Levels

1.6-2.6

Function of Magnesium

Protein and Carb metabolisim

Necessary for DNA synthesis

Maintains normal Intercellular levels of Potassium

Regulation of Mangesium

ingestied in the diet absorbed in the small intestine

excreted by kidneys

Loss through diuretics, diabetes, excess alcohol intake

Sources of Magnesium

Average daily requirement 18-30mEq

Green veggies, grains, nuts

Normal Chloride Levels

95-105

Function of Chloride

Works with Na+ to maintain osmotic pressure

Essential for gastric secretions

Buffer for Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in RBC's

Assists with acid-base balance

Regulation of Chloride

Reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys along with sodium

Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels

Deficits lead to potassium deficits

Source of Chloride

Foods high in sodium

Cheese, milk, canned food, processed food, preservatives, soy sauce

Normal Phosphate levels

1.7-2.6

Function of Phosphate

A catalyst for intracellular activities

promotes muscle and nerve action

assists with acid-base balance

Important for cell division and transmission of hereditary

Regulation of Phosphate

Combines with calcium to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bones

Regulated by PTH - has inverse response to calcium

Sources of Phospate

Meat, Fish, poultry, milk,

Normal Bicarbonate levels

22-26

Function of Bicarbonate

Maintains acid-base balance by functioning as a primary buffer

Regulation of Bicarbonate

Lost through diarrhea, diuretics

Hyponatremia is what?

Not enough Na+

Causes of Hyponatremia

Diuretics

GI fluid loss

Adrenal insufficiency

Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lethargy, confusion, muscle cramping or twitching, seizures

Treatment for Hyponatremia

Monitor I & O

Monitor Na+ levels

Increase oral sodium intake

Seizure precautions

What is Hypernatremia

Too much Na+

Causes of Hypernatremia

Excessive sodium intake

water deprivation

increased water loss

Hypertonic tube feeding

Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia

Thirst (dehydration)

Elevated temperature

dry mouth and sticky mucous membranes

Hallucinations

Irritability

Seizures

Lethargy

Treatment of Hypernatremia

Monitor I & O

Monitor Sodium levels

Monitor vital signs and levels of consciousness

Restrict Sodium

Increase water intake

What is hypokalemia?

Too little Potassium

Causes of Hypokalemia?

Diuretics

Vomiting, diarrhea and gastric suction can cause fluid loss

Steroids

hyperaldosteronism

Anorexia or bullimia

Signs and Symptons of Hypokalemia?

Fatigue

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting

Muscle weakness

Weak pulse

Absent bowel sounds

Dysrhythmias

Numbness/tingling

Treatment of Hypokalemia

Monitor I & O

Encourage potassium intake in diet

Administer potassium supplements

What is Hyperkalemia?

Too much Potassium

Causes of HyperKalemia?

Renal failure

Potassium-sparing diuretics

Hypoaldosteronism

Acidosis

Major trauma

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

Muscle weakness

Dysrhythmias

Flaccid Paralysis

Decreased Blood Pressure

Intestinal colic

Treatment for Hyperkalemia?

Discourage Potassium in diet

If severer Dialysis

What is Hypocalcemia?

Too Little Calcium

Causes of Hypocalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism

Malabsorption

Pancreatitis

Alkalosis

Vitamin D deficiency

Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

Diarrhea

Numbness and tingling around mouth

Muscle cramps

Tetany

Convulsions

Laryngeal spasms (coughing fits)

Chvostek's signs (mouth pulls up where you tap on side)

Positive Trousseau's (hand flops when BP cuff is placed on)

Treatment for Hypocalcemia?

Heart monitor

Enourage increased calcium intake

Monitor airways

Seizure safety

Administer calcium supplements

What is Hypercalcemia?

Too much calcium

Causes of Hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism

Malignant bone disease

Prolonged Immobilization

Calcium supplements

Thiazide diuretics

Signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

Muscle weaknesses

Constipation

Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting

Polyuria and polydipsia

Kidney stones

Bradycardia

Treatment for Hypercalcemia?

Encourage fluid intake to prevent stone formation

Encourage fiber to prevent constipation

Eliminate calcium supplements and limit foods

Renal dialysis may be required

What is Hypomagnesemia?

Too Little Magnesium

Signs and Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia?

Neuromuscular irritability

Disorientation

Mood Changes

Dysrhythmias

Causes of Hypomagnesemia?

Chronic alcoholism

Malabsorption

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Prolonged Gastric Suction

Treatment of Hypomagnesemia?

Avoid Alcohol

Observe for toxicity

Monitor pulse

What is Hypermagnesemia?

Too much magnesium

Causes of Hypermagnesemia?

Renal failure

Adrenal Insufficiency

Excess Replacement

Signs and Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia?

Flushing and warmth of skin

Hypotension

Drowsiness and lethargy

Hypoactive reflexes

Depressed Respiration

Bradycardia

Treatment of Hypermagnesemia?

Monitor reflexes

Avoid magnesium-based antacids and laxatives

Restrict diet

What is Hypophosphatemia?

Too Little Phosphorus

Causes of Hypophosphatemia?

Refeeding after starvation

Alcohol withdrawal

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Signs and Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia?

Paresthesia

Joint Stiffness

Seizures

Cardiomyopathy

Impaired Tissue Oxygenation

Treatment of Hypophosphatemia?

Monitor serum phosphorus level

Monitor calcium levels as phosphorus is replaced

Start TPN slowly to avoid drops in phosphate

What is Hyperphosphatemia?

Too much Phosphorus

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia?

Renal Failure

Hyperthyroidism

Chemotherapy

Excess use of phosphate-based laxatives

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia?

Short term- tetany symptoms - tingling of extremities and cramping

Long term - Calcification in soft tissue

Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia?

Monitor Tetany

Monitor serum phosphorus levels

administer aluminum hydroxide with meals to bind phosphorus

What is Hypovolemia?

Too little fluid in the ECF

Causes of Hypovolemia?

surgery

trauma

uterine rupture

Symptoms of Hypovolemia?

Dehydration

Increased Heart Rate but weaker

Orthostatic hypotension

Dry skin and mucous membranes

Low skin turgor

Decreased urine output

Fatigue, muscle weakness, increased temperature

Decreased BP

Treatment of Hypovolemia?

Increased fluid intake

Provide fluid replacement supplements

What is Hypervolemia?

Excess body Fluid

Causes of Hypervolemia?

Excessive salt intake

Diseases of the kidney or liver

Poor pumping action of the heart

Symptoms of Hypervolemia?

Increased BP

Bounding pulse

Increased respirations and shallow

Neck veins are distended

Edema

Pale cool skin

Urine is dilute and increased volume

rapidly gains weight

Moist crackels in the lungs and syspnea

BUN

Treatment of Hypervolemia?

Decreased fluid intake

Monitory I &O

If PCO2 is less than 35mm what is the respiratory?

Respiratory alkalosis - meaning too little acid

if PCO2 is more than 45mm what is the respiratory?

Respiratory acidosis - meaning too much acid

If PCO2 is between 35mm and 45mm the respiratory is what?

Normal - abnormal pH is not due to respiratory

If pH is less than 7.35 then the blood is?

Acidic

If pH is more than 7.45 then the blood is?

Alkalotic

Normal range for pH in blood?

Between 7.35 - 7.45

If HCO-3 is less than 22 then the blood is?

Metabloic acidosis

If HCO-3 is more than 26 then the blood is ?

Metabloic alkalosis

What is ABG mean and measure?

Arterial blood gases - measure of pH, partial pressure of carbon dixoide (PCO2) and bicarbonate (HCO-3)

Which has faster response but less effective results Respiratory acid-base imbalances or Metabolic acid-base imbalances?

Respiratory

Explain the responses of Metabloic acid-base imbalances?

Slower responses with higher results