the reshaping of medieval europe - new bob jones chapter 10

moneychangers

People who determined the value of coins from different regions

banca

means bench. referring to the table of the moneychanger

What is the concept of a just price?

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers.

When might a just price be imposed?

By government decree if necessary.

charter

A legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

apprentice

A person who works for another in order to learn a trade

journeyman

A person who has learned a particular trade or craft but has not become an employer, or master

master

Having or showing very great skill or proficiency.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Universitas

scholars who united for the common purpose of education

What is Scholasticism?

A philosophical and theological system.

Who is associated with Scholasticism?

Thomas Aquinas

What was the purpose of Scholasticism?

To reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology.

In which century was Scholasticism devised?

The thirteenth century.

Anselm

Archbishop of Canterbury

Who is Peter Abelard?

A university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology.

What is the title of Peter Abelard's work that discusses theological contradictions?

Yes And No

What did Peter Abelard demonstrate within established doctrine?

Logical contradictions

Thomas Aquinas

argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.

Roger Bacon

English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy

Geoffrey Chaucer

wrote the Canterbury Tales

Romanesque

Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows

Gothic

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries

Innocent III

Pope who led the Church at the height of its power in the Middle Ages

Boniface VIII

Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority

Unam Sanctam

Papal Bull issued in 1302 asserting papal supremacy over temporal rulers

Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

Period during which the pope resided in Avignon in the Kingdom of Naples

Great Schism

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Council of Constance

ended the great schism

Nation-states

states whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture

Indictments

a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Magna Carta

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

Edward I

King of England whose reign included the emergence of the English Parliament

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Louis IX

became king of France in 1226 and led French knights in two Crusades

Philip IV

King of France; argued with Pope Boniface VIII, set up the estates general

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Edward III

1338 declared himself rightful heir to French throne, started Hundred Years War

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war

Wars of the Roses

(1455-1485) civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families

When was Henry VII born and when did he die?

(1491-1547)

What was Henry VII's role in England?

King of England from 1509 to 1547

What desire led Henry VII to conflict with the pope?

His desire to annul his marriage

What significant religious change occurred in England during Henry VII's reign?

England's break with the Roman Catholic Church

What church did Henry VII establish in 1532?

The Church of England

What movement did Henry VII's actions contribute to?

The embrace of Protestantism

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Ferdinand

the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia

Isabella

Queen of Spain

1492

Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Golden Bull

The agreement in 1356 to establish a seven-member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor

Diet

assembly or legislature

What powerful European family provided many Holy Roman Emperors?

Habsburg

Which empire was founded by the Habsburg family?

Austrian Empire (later Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Which country did the Habsburg family rule in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Spain

Who was elected as Holy Roman Emperor in 1273?

Maximilian I

What dynasty began with Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor?

The Hapsburg dynasty

What territories did the Holy Roman Empire gain due to Maximilian I's marriage?

The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy