Xylem + phloem - roots

Vascular tissue is made of x... + p...

Collenchyma + sclerenchyma provide s... + support

Vascular bundles = found in c.. of roots

xylem, phloem, strength, centre

Outside endodermis: c...

Outer wall: e...

Inner circle inside endodermis: p...

X shaped: x...

Between arms of X shape: p...

Makes up bulk of root: m...

cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, medulla

Cortex: outside endodermis

Provides s... + support

Can p... if chloroplasts present

strength, photosynthesise

Medulla: makes up b... of the root

bulk

Xylem: in shape of ...

Phloem: in between arms of X shape

X

Endodermis: special sheath/covering of cells - get w... to xylem vessels

water

Pericycle: inside endodermis

Contains m... cells which can divide

meristem

Xylem: transports w... + m... i

Phloem: transports a... + sugars

Both are found in the r..., s... + l...

water, mineral ions, assimilates, root, stem, leaves

Dicotyledonous plants:

B... pattern of veins in leaves

.. leaves emerging from the seed

branching, 2

Vascular bundles (sclerenchyma + collenchyma) around edge of stems- if damage, stems d... - result in death as they provide s... + f... for stems + branches

Centre: m...

Inner: x...

Middle: p...

Outer: c...

Between xylem + phloem: c...

droop, strength, flexibility, medulla, xylem, phloem, cortex, cambium

Cambium: layer of m... cells- divide to produce new x... + p... cells which

meristem, xylem, phloem

Vascular bundles form m.. + veins of leaves.

Veins in dicotyledonous plants get s... as they move further from the midrib

Xylem = always on top of phloem

midrib, smaller

Curve diagram of leave:

Bottom: p...

Top: ...

Xylem + phloem curve: c... m...

Top: small vein in leaves lamina

phloem, xylem, central midrib

Xylem = made of vessels to transport w... + m... i... + fibres- provide support for plant

Parenchyma: living cells- act as p... tissue to separate + s... vessels

water, mineral ions, packing, support

Lignin s... cells - makes them w... - kills cells - column of dead cells make up vessel

Forms patterns in cell walls:

S...

A... (rings)

R... (network of broken rings)

Provides s... without too much rigidity - allows f... of stem = branches

strengthens, waterproof, spiral, annular, reticulate, strength, flexibility

Lignin patterns:

Most flexible: ...

Least flexible: ...

annular, reticulate

Adaptations of xylem:

Made of dead cells- form c... c...

Narrow tubes ensure water column doesn't break + c... a... (ability of water to flow in narrow spaces without external forces + in opposition to gravity) is effective

continuous column, capillary action

Capillary action: ability of water to flow in n... spaces without external f... + in o... to gravity

narrow, forces, opposition

Incomplete lignification: gaps called b... p... form - allows water to move s... from one vessel to another + allows water to l... xylem + enter l... tissue

bordered pits, sideways, leave, living

Xylem can stretch - plants g... due to l.. depositing in different patterns - allows stem/branches to bend

grow, lignin

Flow of water isn't impeded as no c... w... (cell walls between adjacent cells), no cell c... + l... prevents wall from c..

cross walls, contents, lignin, collapsing

Phloem:

transports a..., mainly a.. a... + s...

Sucrose dissolves in water to form cell sap

Made of sieve tubes- made of s... t... e..+ c... cells

assimilates, amino acids, sucrose, sieve tubes elements, companion

Sieve tube elements: elongated cells- line up end to end to form s... t..

Lack a n.. + have very little c...

Living cells but lack some cell organelles

Depend on c... cells for providing proteins + ATP

Sieve plates found at end of sieve tube elements: perforated (have p...) + t... cell walls, allowing cell sap to move easily from one cell to next

sieve tubes, nucleus, cytoplasm, companion, pores, thin

Companion cells: found between s... t... e... Have large n... + dense c...

Produce ATP needed for active processes

Carry out metabolic processes needed to load s... into sieve tube elements - many m...

sieve tube elements, nucleus, cytoplasm, sucrose, mitochondria

Plants have a s... SA:V - need a transport system to obtain u... substances + remove w...

small, useful, waste

Phloem: made of sieve tubes - made of ste

Companion cells can be distinguished from sieve tube elements bcz they contain a n... + many m...

nucleus, mitochondria