ASEAN LITERATURE

LITERATURE

• the total of preserved writings/spoken words belonging to a given language or people

• It is the body of work, either written, oral, or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thought, emotions, and experiences of the human condition

LITERA

• the word literature is derived from the latin word “__________” which means letter or words

BASED ON STRUCTURE AND BASED ON CONTENT

Literature can generally be divided into two types:

BASED ON STRUCTURE

PROSE AND NON-PROSE

PROSE

• written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure

• it does not follow meters or rhyme scheme

EXAMPLE OF PROSE

1. Novels

2. Short Story - 10 - 15k words, ex: “Biag ni Lam-ang”, “Florante at Laura”

3. Plays

4. Legends

5. Fables

6. Essay

7. Autobiography - written by yourself

8. Biography

9. News

10. Oration - formal speech

NON-PROSE

• forms of writing that do not follow regular sentence structures

• use of poetic devices such as rhyme, meter, and repetition

EXAMPLES OF NON-PROSE

1. Narrative Poetry

   • Epic

   • Metrical tale

   • Ballads

2. Lyric Poetry

   • Folk Songs

   • Sonnets

   • Ode

3. Dramatic Poetry - intended to be played in public

   • Example: Huling El Bimbo

BASED ON CONTENT

FICTION AND NON-FICTION

FICTION

• or “Literature of Power”

• refers to literature created from the imagination

• focuses on storytelling, with characters, settings, and plots that are made up or exaggerated.

EXAMPLE OF FICTION

• Poems

• Short stories

• Novels

• Plays

• Myths

NON-FICTION

• “Literature of Knowledge”

• based on real events, facts, and information

• aims to inform, explain, or present facts and real-life occurrences

EXAMPLE OF NON-FICTION

• Biographies

• News

• History

• Documentaries

LITERARY DEVICES

• refers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to convey his or her message(s) in a simple manner to his or her readers

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• have an inherent existence in literary piece and are extensively employed by writers to develop a literary piece

LITERARY TECHNIQUES

• are structures usually a words or phrases in literary texts that writers employ to achieve not merely artistic ends but also readers a greater understanding and appreciation of their literary works

• Symbolism

• Flash Forward

• Flashback

• Cliffhanger

• Foreshadowing

• Imagery

• Simile and Metaphor

• Personification

• Hyperbole

9 Literary Techniques

LITERARY APPROACHES

• FEMINISM

• NEW HISTORICISM

• FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM

SYMBOLISM

it refers in using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning

Example:

a. PINK - the fight against breast cancer

b. The Statue of Liberty - freedom

c. Roses stand for romance

FLASHBACK

• tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in time from the current point in the story and often used to tell the events that happened before another important event

FLASHFORWARD

• -tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from the current point of the story

CLIFFHANGER

• tells and abrupt ending which places the main characters in a perilous situation with no resolution

FORESHADOWING

• Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the outcome

Example:

a. A pipe is going to burst, but before it does, the author writes a scene where the family notices a small dark spot on the ceiling, but ignores it.

IMAGERY

• It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our different senses i.e:

• taste(gustatory imagery)

• sight(visual imagery)

• smell(olfactory imagery)

• touch(tactile imagery)

• hear(aural imagery)

  Examples:

  a. The room was dark and gloomy. -The words “dark” and “gloomy” are visual images.

  b. The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word “roaring” appeals to our sense of hearing

SIMILE AND METAPHOR

• Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity between them. The difference is that Simile uses “as” or “like” and Metaphor does not.

PERSONIFICATION

• attribution of human qualities to something that is non-human like objects and animals.

NEW HISTORICISM

• It deals with the cultural context during writing of the piece of literature. This approach interprets literature for it’s meaning or idea in a particular socio- historical atmosphere.

FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM

• The formalists’ interpretation of work of art is formulated by the information and details of the piece itself. Formalists focus is on rhetorical and logical connections within the writing.

1. Plot

2. Setting

3. Protagonist

4. Antagonist

5. Point of View

6. Conflict

7. Mood

8. Tone

9. Theme

9 Literary Elements

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• PLOT

• it is the logical sequence of events that develops a story

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• SETTING

• it refers to the time and place in which a story takes place

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• PROTAGONIST

• “good guy”. It is the main character of story, novel or a play

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• ANTAGONIST

“bad guy”. It is the character in conflict with the Protagonist

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• POINT OF VIEW

• the person or entity through whom the reader experiences the story

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• CONFLICT

• It is an issue in a narrative around which the whole story revolves

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• MOOD

• A general atmosphere of a narrative

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• TONE

• the “attitude” of the speaker, narrator as conveyed through the language of the piece

LITERARY ELEMENTS

• THEME

• it is central idea or concept of a story

FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW (Fe)

What POV is “Si Mabuti”?

Genoveva Edroza Matute

What is the full name of the writer of "Si Mabuti"?

It was published in 1951.

When was the story "Si Mabuti" written or published?

• Mabuti

• Fe (Narrator)

• Mga kaklase/studyante

• Anak ni Mabuti

• Ama ng anak ni Mabuti

Who are the characters of the story “Si Mabuti”?

Tata Selo

Which literature in the Philippines talks about the injustice system of the country and the land dispute?

A

In the short story “Si Mabuti”. What does the author want to convey to the readers?

a. Women are compassionate, soft hearted, and in the face of hardship they have stood strong and courageous.

b. A strong person is the one who cries, then gets up again and fights.

c. There are no perfect people in this world, all of us have flaws.

d. Problems are a natural part of human life.

D

A person who arranges relationships and marriages between others

a. Go-Between

b. Matchmaker

c. Intermediary

d. All of these

Metaphor

What figure of speech is:

“Hope” is the thing with feathers—

That perches in the soul--

And sings the tune without the words-

And never stops - at all

Poetry

It is the genre of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language— such as phonaesthetic, sound symbolism, and metre— to evoke meaning in addtion to, or in place of, the literature or mundane meaning

Fable

This type of prose features inanimate objects or forces of nature having humanlike attributes

C

Universality appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, gender, and time.
And artistry has an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses as sense of beauty.

a. The first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

b. The first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

c. Both statements are correct

d. Both statements are incorrect

Drama

It is usually divided into acts or scenes and relies on props or imaginative dialogue to create a visual experience for the audience

Tata Selo killed Cabeza to protest his eviction from the land

In the short story Tata Selo, What is the reason behind Cabeza’s death?

Abode of Peace

Brunei Darussalam, What is the meaning of Darussalam?

To achieve Nirvana

Ultimate goal of Buddhism

India

which country did Buddhism come from?

It represents a state of complete enlightenment and liberation from suffering. It’s a state of perfect peace, happiness, and freedom from the cycle of rebirth(samsara)

What is Nirvana?

They have a conflict within their relationship

Why do you think that there are 2 stoves in the story close proximity?

50th

In the certain literature in Brunei, how old is the Sultan when Michael Jackson performed?

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

Who was the Sultan who celebrated his 50th birthday where Michael Jackson performed?

from World Poetry: An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity

In what certain series did "The Cherished Daughter" come from?

Rogelio Sikat

Author of the story “Tata Selo”

Translator: Nguyen Ngoc Bich

Author/Translator of the story “The Cherish Daughter” (Vietnam)

Le Than Huan

Author/Translator of the story “A School Boy’s Apology” (Vietnam)

Author: Phan Nhien Hao

Translator: Linh Dinh

Author/Translator of the story “Inside Submarines” (Vietnam)

Author:
Translator: Siti Badriyah biti Haji Md Yusuf

Editor: Hajah Sharifah Khadijah Husien

Author/Translator of the story “Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem— Bandar Seri Begawan” (Brunei)

Kyaw Ma Ma Lay

Author/Translator of the story “Close Proximity” (Myanmar)

Nyi Pu Lay

Author/Translator of the story “Wedding Reception” (Myanmar)

Chiranan Pitpreecha

Author/Translator of the story “Smile of the Rice Goddess” (Thailand)

Angkram Kalayanapong

Author/Translator of the story “A Poet’s Pledge 1 & 2” (Thailand)

Naowarat Pongpaiboon

Author/Translator of the story “Mere Movement” (Thailand)

METAPHOR

• used to make a comparison as if it was literally true

• Example: She has a heart of gold

  • she’s a ray of sunshine

SIMILE

• making comparisons that resonate with the readers’ experiences

• clarify complex concepts by linking them to everyday experiences

• uses like or as

• ex: her smile was like sunshine

PERSONIFICATION

• breathes life into ideas, creating a relatable narrative for audiences.

• makes abstract concepts tangible, helping to visualize ideas

• ex: the wind whispered through the trees

  • the flower danced to the wind

HYPERBOLE

• intentional exaggeration used to create a strong impression

• emphasizes emotions or situations, making the message unforgettable

• ex:

  • to infinity and beyond

  • I’ve told you a million times

ALLITERATION

• employs the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words to create a rhythm

• enhance the musicality of language, making it pleasing to hear

  • Living Life

  • Busy as Bee

IMAGERY

• using descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid pictures in readers’ mind

• evokes emotions and stimulates the imagination

VISUAL IMAGERY (SIGHT)

“The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in swirls of orange, pink and purple”

AUDITORY IMAGERY (SOUND)

“The wind howled through the trees, a mournful whistle that echoed the loneliness of the night”

OLFACTORY IMAGERY (SMELL)

“The kitchen was filled with the sweet, warm scent of cinnamon and freshly baked bread, mingling with the sharp tang of freshly squeezed oranges”

GUSTATORY IMAGERY (TASTE)

“ The tang of the lemon tart exploded on her tongue, a perfect blend of sharp acidity and sugary sweetness”

TACTILE IMAGERY (TOUCH)

“The silk was cool and smooth against her fingertips, a delicate whisper of luxury that sent a shiver up her arm”

KINESTHETIC IMAGERY (MOVEMENT)

“She leapt gracefully over the fence, her body a fluid motion, muscles rippling with the effortless power of a wild animal”

ORGANIX IMAGERY (INTERNAL SENSATIONS)

“His heart pounded in his chest, each beat echoing with the dread that twisted his stomach into knots”

IRONY

• presents a contrast between expectations and reality, crating a layer of meaning

• can be humorous, dramatic, or poignant, enriching the storytelling experience.

  • “What a beautiful day” said on a rainy day

  • A cat-lover being allergic to cats

REPETITION

• stresses a point through repeated use of words or phrases

  • hand in hand

  • it is what it is.

PUN

• form a wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different meaning

• requires is a creative intellect and some wit to create a humorous puns

  • did you hear about the Italian chef who died? He pasta away.

  • Make a choice. Pick a lane. Who’s Elaine?

ANTITHESIS

• states strongly contrasting ideas placed in juxtaposition.

• often contain compound sentences with the two independent clauses separated by a comma or a semicolon

• mainly used to portray the stark difference between the two opposing ideas

  • “Love is an ideal thing, marriage is a real thing”

  • “Be slow in choosing, but slower in changing”

CIRCUMLOCATION

• use of a purposely wordy description

• a way of writing something using more words than are necessary

  • DS: “He died.”

  • C: He passed away after a long battle with his illness, peacefully departing this world”

EPIGRAM

• a clever and memorable statement

• comes from the Greek word “Epigramma” means “Inscription”

• a short, incisive remark that usually introduces anithetical ideas in order to startle and captivate the listener

  • “There are no gains without pains”

  • ‘“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

EUPHEMISM

• soften an uncomfortable topic

• way to say something in an understated manner

• a situation without having to confront it

  • He put him to sleep (act of killing)

  • She’s a couch potato (lazy)

SYNECDOCHE

• substitute a part for a whole or a whole for a part

• word or phrase in which a part of something is used to represent a whole or a whole is used to represent a part of something

  • “All hands on deck” (whole sailors)

  • “Nice wheels” (whole car)