biology staar review

9th grade staar review for biology good luck if you have staar or any other tests ;)

monomer of carbhohydrate

monosaccharide

**function of carbhohydrate**

short term energy storage

monomer of lipids

triglyceride (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails)

function of lipids

long term energy storage and cell membrane

monomer of protein

amino acid

function of protein

structure and chemical Reactions

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

function of nucleic acids

storing genetic information and building proteins

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

enzymes

how does enzymes works?

work by lowering activation energy

what is interphase?

it’s a place where the cells grow and spend most of it time in there

3 different phases in interphase

G1, S phase, G2

stages of cell cycle

G0, G1, G2, S phase, mitosis

where does DNA replication takes place?

S phase

the process of producing new cells from existing cells

cell reproduction

adenine to what

thymine

cytosin to what

guanine

components of a nucleotide

**phosphate backbone, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base**

What holds all of these bases together?

**hydrogen bonds**

Gregor Mendel

father of genetics

4 phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

is mitosis asexual or sexual reproduction

asexual reproduction

maintaining a stable body system

homeostasis

what is homeostasis maintained by

cell membrane

passive transport

from high to low concentration down/with

movement of small molecules from high to low concentration

diffusion

movement of small molecules from high to low with the help of proteins

facilitated Diffusion

movement of water molecules from high to low concentration

osmosis

Active transport

from low to high concentration up/against needs ATP

osmotic solutions

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

isotonic

no net movement of water cells stays the same

hypertonic

net movement of water out of the cell cell shrivels

hypotonic

Net movement of water into the cells cells swell and burst

Lipids help build the structure of the cell membrane

phospholipids

**send and receive chemical messages using their unique shape to connect** 

receptor proteins

identify the cell to the outside environment

marker proteins

Molecules that are small enough, can pass through the membrane through channel proteins

channel proteins

does diffusion requiers energy?

no

Is considered the master gland of the endocrine System

pituitary gland

If the stimulus is in one direction the response is in another direction Goal: is to bring it **back to its original level**

negative feedback loop

**Repsonse continues in the same direction as the stimulas**

positive feedback loop

The building of proteins is called

protein synthesis

is made up of a chain of nucleotides (phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base).

RNA

RNA - consists of

only a single strand of nucleotide

DNA consists of

two strands of nucleotide

 The sugar in RNA

ribose

The sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

bases of DNA

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

bases of RNA

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

**3** Types of RNA that makes proteins

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

The process by which the DNA message is copied into a strand of mRNA

 transcription

Transcription takes place in the

nucleus

The process of building the protein from the mRNA instructions is called

translation

A segment of DNA that stores genetic information.

gene

Sequence of three nucleotides that code for one amino acid

codon

**form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis**

mRNA

**form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes to help form proteins**

tRNA

**RNA that is the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein; cell’s protein factory!**

rRNA

Translation occurs in the

cytoplasm

All the organisms of the same species within a given area at a given time

population

Organism so genetically similar that they can produce offspring together

species

All of the available alleles/traits within a population

Gene Pool

the highest a population can reach before its resources become limited

carrying capacity

A population curve that has not reached carrying capacity 

j curve

A population curve that reaches carrying capacity 

s curve

Size of Gene Pool, Nonrandom Mating/Reproductive Isolation, Mutations, Migration, Natural Selection

5 Things that Affect Populations

Changes in allele frequencies within a gene pool

genetic drift

Curve shifts in one direction because one extreme becomes more successful

directional selection

When both extremes become equally more successful than the average.

disruptive selection

The average trait within a population is most successful and both extremes become less successful. 

stabilizing selection

\
is a letter that **represents** that particular **gene/trait** that we are observing.

allele

allele **will mask** (or take dominance over) the **recessive** allele.

dominant

will be represented with a **lowercase letter**

recessive

The **combination of the alleles** for that **particular trait**

genotype

**This means that both your alleles for that trait are dominant** 

homozygous dominant

**This means that both your alleles for that trait are recessive.**

homozygous recessive

This means that you have both **a dominant** and a **recessive allele** for that particular trait.

heterozygous

\
**is** the **physical expression** of the **genotype**

phenotype

a table in which **all of the possible outcomes** for a genetic cross between **two individuals** with **known genotypes** are given.

punnet square

**is the idea that over time the different types of bacteria that depended so much on each other could have fused together to become one cell eventually leading to a eukaryotic cell.** 

endosymbiotic theory

**The site in the cell where proteins are** __**assembled.**__

ribosome

**makes sugars/food for cell**

chloroplast

**Make energy (ATP) for the cell (“powerhouse of the cell”)**

mitochondria

**An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.**

golgi aqpparatus

A sac-like structure that stores water, salts, foods, etc.

vacuole

Levels of Organization

**Cells → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism**

father of geology

James Hutton

Charles Lyell

Charles Lyell Built on Hutton’s idea that the earth has changed since it has been developed.

Thomas Malthus

Thomas Malthus

father of evolution

Charles Darwin

4 main types of evidence of evolution

Fossil Record, Biochemical, Comparative Anatomy, Biogeography

Two different categories of fossils

remains and traces

Physical component of an organism

remains

Something left behind by an organism

traces

younger rock layers means the fossil is gonna be at the

top

A fossil that has already been aged so it is used as a reference to estimate the age of surrounding fossils.

index fossil

is the strongest source of evidence for evolution. 

biochemistry

A chart that describes evolutionary change over time by using amino acid sequencing.

cladogram

A new species developing from an existing species

speciation

what seed type Travel in wind, shaped like parachutes

wind seed type