ENTM FINAL NO AI FIXED

Adenotrophic viviparity

"gland fed

• Fertilize one egg at a time and retain each egg within their uterus to have offspring develop internally

• Female feeds larva from modified uterine gland

• As 3rd instar

larvae leaves uterus and crawls into ground to pupate

• Emerges as adult and now must feed on own for first time

(Each female can produce only 8-10 offspring in her lifetime)

African trypanosomiasis

sleeping sickness

• protozoan pathogen of species Trypanosoma brucei

• invade blood lymph central nervous system -> sleeping disorder

nagana: animal form of sleeping sickness

Africanized "killer" bees

cross between European honeybee and African honeybee

• known for their increased defensiveness

Almond flower pollination in CA

European honeybee used for pollination of almond flowers

Ant antennae

geniculate antennae / elbow-shaped

Used to smell

touch

Ant feeding habit

omnivorous - eat everything

milk of aphids and other small Hemiptera

insects and small living or dead invertebrates

Some are parasitic of other ants

Many feed mouth to mouth (trophallaxis)

(seed collectors

honeydew drinkers

Ant-decapitating phorid flies

Parasitoids of ants

Typically Species specific and often caste specific

Antlion larva habit

larvae: predator

• require sandy soil/covered with something so they are protected from frequent /divert rain falls

• larvae: build funnel - like trap in sandy soil use to catch insect preys

Aposematic coloration

Bright warning colors in animals with a chemical defense.

Argentine ant biology

• Tend honeydew-producing plant pest: interferes w/ biological control

• Displaces some native arthropods

• Major urban / structural nuisance pest

• Unicoloniality

individuals mix freely among separate nests

• Vast population size / absence of intercolonial aggression in the introduced areas

similarity in cuticular hydrocarbon signature (colony odors)

Bite but cannot stingShallow nest in soil under rocks

logs

Army ant biology

• Aggressive predatory foraging raids

• Life without a permanent nest: bivouac - making a "nest" with their bodies

• Nomadic phase & Stationary phase: this depends on reproductive cycle of young ants (developmental)

Armyworm

Lepidoptera

• will eat anything in their path

• nocturnal larvae

• undergo seasonal migration

nonbiting midges

Family Chironomidae (non-biting midges)

• Common nuisance around bodies of water

• Frequently mistaken for mosquitoes (No bite

Wings are shorter than its body

biting midges

Family Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) aka no-see-ums

• Male and female feed on nectar

but females also feed from some kind of host animal for egg development

• Diverse feeding habit: vertebrate blood

insect hemolymph

• Some are significant vectors of animal disease (ex: bluetongue virus in sheep )

Blackflies

Buffalo gnat (arched thorax

Females consume nectar and blood while males only feed on nectar

Bite: female only

Larvae: aquatic in flowing water

a. Feeding: fan-like labral from -> organic debris in flowing water

b. Attachment: silk -> starve or other substitutes w/ small hooks at end of their body

Adults are long distance flyers: Females in some species will fly several hundred kilometers in search of a blood meal

Adults are major nuisance pests in upper Midwest

New England and Canada

• In NA

about 6 species are known to bite human

Pupae: pupate inside of a sunken shelter (cocoon)

aquatic - "spiracular gill"

Blackfly and disease

River blindness (disease): aka onchocerciasis

Causative agent: microfilariae of a parasitic nematode (Genus Onchocerca)

Location: Equatorial Africa & Central America

Causative agent in parasitic nematodeNematode enter wound → develop into worm→ mature and migrate through the skinSymptoms = severe itching

bumps under skin

Treatment: Ivermectin

Blow flies in forensic entomology

• Tend to arrive first to the dead animal's body and lay eggs

• ID species

determine where they are in life cycle then backtrack to get TOD

Bombardier beetle defensive strategy

Hydrogen peroxide + Hydroquinone

chemical gas weapon

Book lung

respiratory organ for subphylum chelicerata (spiders

Cabbage butterfly

• Larvae only feed on / females lay eggs on plants containing glucosinolates

• Defensive compounds characteristic of plant

• Family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables)

• Pests on cabbage and its relatives

Cabbage looper

Part of Noctuidae family

The caterpillar larvae are major pests

Caddisfly

Trichoptera

• Related to butterflies & moths (lepidoptera)

• Larvae have various feeding habits depending upon species (larval variability)

• Shredders/scrapers/collectors - larvae mostly feed on periphyton (layer of algae)

California dogface butterfly

only found in California

wings mimic a dog's face

The state insect (CA) since 1972

• Endemic range is limited to the state

• Color and pattern on the underside of wings are simple

Canine heartworm

The Anopheles Mosquito is a vector for this disease.

Cardenolide

a toxic chemical compound found in the milkweed plant that monarch butterflies eat and use against their predators

Carrion beetle

Coleoptera

(Family Silphidae) diet: dead animal

colonize carrion during all stages (from early to late) of decomposition

aposematic coloration

Casemaking clothes moth

• Unique ability to digest keratin

• Damages clothes and carpets

• Pests on animal hair

• Common in southern US

Georgia

• Larvae construct cases to hide with various fibers and other materials available in their habitats

• Adult has 3 dark spots on wings

Larvae: pest on fabrics

prefer fabric that is old / contaminated

• Larvae carry case. If separated

they will die. As the larvae grow

Characteristics of Insecta

3 tagmata (head

wings: 2 pairs (always found in thorax)

compound eyes

1 pair of antennae