Human Nutrition 2340 Final Mizzou

Fortification

Adding nutrients not originally present in a food

Enrichment

Replacing nutrients lost during food processing

DSHEA

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

FDA

Agency responsible for Nutrition Facts labels and supplement regulation

USDA

Agency responsible for MyPlate and Dietary Guidelines

NIH

National Institutes of Health

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance

AI

Adequate Intake

EAR

Estimated Average Requirement

UL

Upper Limit

DV

Daily Value used on food labels

Water-soluble vitamins

B vitamins and vitamin C

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Vitamin B1

Thiamin

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

Vitamin B3

Niacin

Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B7

Biotin

Vitamin B9

Folate

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin A

Retinol

Vitamin D

Calciferol

Vitamin E

Tocopherol

Vitamin K

Phylloquinone

TPP

Coenzyme form of thiamin

FAD

Coenzyme form of riboflavin

FMN

Coenzyme form of riboflavin

NAD

Coenzyme form of niacin

NADP

Coenzyme form of niacin

CoA

Coenzyme form of pantothenic acid

PLP

Coenzyme form of vitamin B6

THFA

Coenzyme form of folate

Fat-soluble vitamin absorption

Requires bile and dietary fat

Water-soluble vitamin excretion

Excreted in urine

Vitamin A function

Vision and epithelial health

Vitamin D function

Calcium absorption and bone health

Vitamin E function

Antioxidant protection of cell membranes

Vitamin K function

Blood clotting

Vitamin C function

Collagen synthesis and antioxidant

Thiamin deficiency

Beriberi

Niacin deficiency

Pellagra

Vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Osteomalacia

Vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness

Folate deficiency

Megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Pernicious anemia

Pellagra symptoms

Dermatitis diarrhea dementia death

Vitamin C and iron

Vitamin C increases nonheme iron absorption

Zinc and copper

Compete for absorption

Calcium and vitamin D

Vitamin D increases calcium absorption

Iodine function

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Chromium function

Enhances insulin action

Calcium function

Bone mineralization and muscle contraction

Magnesium function

Cofactor for over 300 enzymes

Iron function

Oxygen transport in hemoglobin

Zinc function

Immune function and wound healing

Sodium

Major extracellular cation

Potassium

Major intracellular cation

Chloride

Major extracellular anion

ADH

Hormone that increases water retention

Aldosterone

Hormone that increases sodium retention

Dehydration symptoms

Dark urine dizziness thirst fatigue

Water intoxication

Excess water causing hyponatremia

Hyponatremia

Low blood sodium concentration

Osteoporosis

Low bone density and increased fracture risk

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Vitamin D food sources

Fatty fish and fortified milk

Vitamin C food sources

Citrus fruits peppers strawberries

Vitamin A food sources

Carrots sweet potatoes liver

Vitamin E food sources

Nuts seeds vegetable oils

Vitamin K food sources

Leafy green vegetables

Calcium food sources

Dairy products fortified foods

Iron food sources

Red meat legumes spinach

Folate food sources

Leafy greens fortified grains

Potassium food sources

Bananas potatoes beans

Carbohydrates kcal per gram

4 kcal per gram

Protein kcal per gram

4 kcal per gram

Fat kcal per gram

9 kcal per gram

Alcohol kcal per gram

7 kcal per gram

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules linked together

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many sugars

Saturated fat

Fat with no double bonds

Monounsaturated fat

Fat with one double bond

Polyunsaturated fat

Fat with multiple double bonds

Trans fat

Fat associated with increased heart disease risk

Essential amino acids

Amino acids that must come from the diet

Prebiotics

Fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria

Probiotics

Live beneficial bacteria

Insulin

Hormone dominant in fed state

Glucagon

Hormone dominant in fasting state

Cortisol

Stress hormone that raises blood glucose

Epinephrine

Hormone involved in stress and exercise response

Chylomicrons

Lipoproteins that transport dietary fat

LDL

Bad cholesterol lipoprotein

HDL

Good cholesterol lipoprotein

Clinical trial

Research study testing cause and effect