Final Conceptual Crazy Awesome Mode

Which structure links emotional feeling states (body sensations) with conscious emotional awareness?

Insula

Which structure is most involved in emotional salience (detecting what matters in the environment)?

Amygdala

A patient has a right hemisphere stroke. What emotional change do you expect?

Indifference and flat affect

Which quadrant describes an emotion that is calm and pleasant?

Low arousal, positive valence

Ekman's research supports which claim?

Emotional expressions are universally recognized across cultures.

the insula is most strongly associated with:

Interoceptive awareness and disgust

Damage to the right hemisphere is most likely to result in:

Flat affect and emotional indifference

A patient shows extreme emotional conflict monitoring deficits and experiences social pain (rejection) as unusually intense.Which brain structure is most implicated?

Anterior cingulate cortex

Which system (CNS or ANS) is responsible for generating facial expressions and behavioral reactions like freezing or running?

CNS

Which of the following is controlled primarily by the CNS rather than the ANS?

Freezing behavior

Which system is primarily responsible for physiological arousal during emotional responses?

ANS

Which of the following is an example of a motor behavior rather than a physiological response?

Freezing in place

Which structure(s) of the CNS are most responsible for generating emotional motor programs (e.g., freezing, fight/flight behaviors)?

Periaqueductal gray (PAG) and motor cortex

A patient can show normal increases in heart rate, sweating, and other visceral reactions during fear, but fails to produce facial expressions or freezing behavior.Which system is most impaired?

CNS motor pathways

Which statement best differentiates physiological responses from motor behaviors in emotional processing?

Physiological responses arise from ANS activation, while motor behaviors arise from CNS motor circuits.

Which theory states that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience?

James-Lange

According to Cannon-Bard, emotions occur:

At the same time as bodily reactions

Schachter-Singer's theory requires:

Physiological arousal + cognitive labeling

Which theory best explains why smiling can cause you to feel happier?

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A person sees a man walking toward them quickly. They first interpret the man’s intent as threatening, and then they feel fear.Which theory best explains this sequence?

Appraisal Theory

Which structure is the starting point of the Papez circuit?

Hippocampus

Which structure in the Papez circuit is part of the hypothalamus?

Mammillary bodies

What role does the anterior nucleus of the thalamus play in the Papez circuit?

Relays hippocampal signals to the cingulate gyrus

Damage to which structure would most disrupt the emotional coloring of autobiographical memories?

Mammillary bodies

A patient has intact emotional reactions but cannot link emotional meaning to recalled memories.Which part of the Papez circuit is most likely damaged?

Cingulate gyrus

The two-dimension model of emotion describes emotions along which two axes?

Arousal and valence

Which of the following is a low arousal, positive valence state?

Serenity

Which system primarily controls physiological arousal during emotion (heart rate, sweating)?

ANS

Freezing behavior during fear is controlled by: (e.g., PAG → motor output)

CNS motor pathways

James-Lange theory proposes that:

Emotion is the brain's interpretation of physiological arousal

Which theory argues that arousal + context-based interpretation creates emotion?

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A person sees a bear, experiences immediate emotional feeling, and simultaneously shows a racing heart.

Cannon-Bard

Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most impair:

Linking emotional meaning to autobiographical memory

Which is the correct order of the Papez circuit?

Hippocampus → mammillary bodies → anterior thalamus → cingulate → hippocampus

2 multiple choice options

A patient recalls events from his past but reports no emotional tone connected to the memories.Which structure in the Papez circuit is most likely damaged?

Cingulate gyrus

Intellectual Disability requires deficits in:

Both IQ and adaptive functioning

Which of the following is an example of adaptive functioning?

Difficulty managing money and transportation

According to DSM-5, severity of Intellectual Disability is determined by:

Adaptive functioning

A child scores 68 on an IQ test but shows normal daily living skills. The correct diagnosis is:

No Intellectual Disability

The purpose of adaptive functioning assessment in diagnosing ID is to measure:

Real-world life abilities

A person has an IQ of 55 but lives independently, manages finances, and holds a job with minimal support.What is the severity level?

Cannot be determined from IQ alone

Two children both score 65 on an IQ test. Child A cannot dress independently or communicate needs. Child B attends mainstream classes with some support.

Which is true?

They may have different severities because adaptive functioning differs

3 multiple choice options

Which chromosome abnormality causes Down Syndrome?

Trisomy 21

Which cognitive profile BEST describes Down Syndrome?

Weak expressive language, strong social engagement

Which brain region is especially reduced in volume in Down Syndrome?

Overexpression of APP gene

Early-onset Alzheimer's in Down Syndrome is primarily due to:

Verbal working memory

A child with Down Syndrome shows difficulty producing speech, following multi-step instructions, and maintaining verbal working memory.Which domain is MOST impaired?

Cerebellum

Which brain structure’s reduced volume is most directly associated with motor hypotonia in Down Syndrome?

Cerebellum.

Which of the following is MOST characteristic of Language Disorder

Speech is fluent but grammatically incorrect and simple

Which disorder involves difficulty producing correct speech sounds?

Speech Sound Disorder

A child speaks in short, grammatically incorrect sentences and has poor vocabulary.What disorder is most likely?

Language Disorder

Stuttering primarily involves impairments in:

Speech rate and rhythm

Which treatment is BEST for improving conversational turn-taking and understanding social cues?

Pragmatic language training

Which statement about communication disorders is TRUE?

Language Disorder involves impaired grammar and vocabulary

Do you know whether early brain size in ASD tends to be:

Larger than average

1 multiple choice option

Which structure is MOST tied to social-emotional processing, fear learning, and interpreting social cues — and is known to be atypical in ASD?

Amygdala.

Which brain structure often shows early enlargement in ASD?

Amygdala.

Reduced activation in which region is most associated with impaired face processing in ASD?

Fusiform face area

Which of the following is a hallmark large-scale connectivity pattern in ASD?

Underconnectivity between frontal and temporal regions

Abnormal development of the superior temporal sulcus would MOST impair:

Interpretation of gaze direction and biological motion

Reduced Purkinje cell count is most associated with dysfunction in:

Cerebellum

The STS helps you understand what about them?

Their intentions from gaze/motion

ADHD is characterized by symptoms in which two domains?

Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

Which cognitive function is most consistently impaired in ADHD?

Inhibitory control

Which brain region is most closely associated with executive dysfunction in ADHD?

Prefrontal cortex

Why do stimulant medications improve symptoms of ADHD?

They increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a non-stimulant ADHD medication?

Atomoxetine

Dyslexia is primarily caused by impairment in:

Phonological processing

The most evidence-based treatment for dyslexia is:

Orton-Gillingham structured literacy

Dyscalculia is most strongly linked to abnormalities in:

Intraparietal sulcus

A child has normal handwriting but cannot organize written ideas, sequence sentences, or produce coherent paragraphs. This is:

Dysgraphia of written expression

Which intervention is MOST appropriate for motor dysgraphia?

OT for handwriting and fine motor skills

Which environmental factor most strongly improves long-term outcomes for children with learning disorders?

Early intervention

A child struggles academically due to poor instruction but improves quickly with targeted teaching. This suggests:

Environmental deprivation

Which of the following is NOT considered a causal factor in learning disorders?

SES and poor instruction

Testing visual fields examines which cranial nerve?

CN II

A positive Babinski sign indicates:

Upper motor neuron lesion

Finger-to-nose testing assesses which system?

Cerebellar coordination

Loss of vibration sense in the feet with preserved pain sensation suggests:

Dorsal column lesion

Which of the following is NOT typically part of a neurological exam?

Personality assessment

What distinguishes a closed head injury from an open head injury?

skull penetration.

Coup-contrecoup injuries occur because of...

acceleration-deceleration forces.

Which brain region is especially vulnerable in closed head injuries?

Frontal lobes

Diffuse axonal injury is caused by...

Rotational shearing

Which group often shows the worst recovery from TBI?

Older adults

Which sex is more likely to experience TBI?

males

Behavioral disinhibition after TBI suggests damage to...

Frontal lobes

Which symptom is most associated with diffuse axonal injury?

coma/loss of consciousness.

Behavioral assessments after TBI are used to...

cognitive & emotional functioning.

A closed head injury without skull penetration typically produces...

diffuse damage.