Global History Regents Review Final Quizlet

Sir Isaac Newton

Developed the laws of physics; wrote Principia Mathematica

William Wilberforce

British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.

Ptolemaic System

Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center

Enlightened Despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Natural Law

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804.

Maximillien Robespierre

The leader of the Committee of Public Safety that governed France. He centralized the administration of France and helped expand the Reign of Terror.

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon's most disastrous military campaign. Russian winter forced Napoleon to retreat, lead to his downfall

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.

The Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Prince Metternich

Austrian ruler and leader of the Congress of Vienna

Liberals

people who generally favor government action and view change as progress

Caudillos

By the 1830s, Latin America was mostly ruled by these military dictators from the creole class (American-born European-descendant).

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Manuel Hidalgo

Priest who led a revolt for Mexican independence from Spain; urged his followers to demand their land from Spain and the removal of Europeans from office

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Conservatives

Like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change

Radicals

those who favor extreme change

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Spirit of Laws

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government

Two Treatises on Government

A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

"Life, liberty, and property"

natural rights

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

The Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

The 3rd Estate

commoners

Agricultural Revolution

was a period in the 1700s where farmers introduced new technology to boost production.

The Enclosure Movement

common land was divided among the local farmers and peasants

Mass Production

large scale production of goods

Great Britain

Where the Industrial Revolution began in the 1750s

Coal

Major geographical advantage of Britain - the fuel of the Industrial Revolution

The Spinning Jenny

Allowed large quantities of thread to be made quickly

The Steam Engine

Unified the economy by linking regions together and
Stimulated the growth of industry

Urbanization

Movement of people from the country to the cities

Adam Smith

Argued that the industries should operate freely without minimal government intervention

Laissez faire capitalism

the idea that government would not interfere in business.

Entrepreneur

owned the factories, provided places to work, raw materials, machines

Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"

believed continual poverty would lead the lower class to increased competition for work.

Sadler Report of 1833

discussed the working conditions in factories and mines

Thomas Malthus

predicted that population would outgrow the food supply - believed a "check" on population growth was a good thing

Irish Potato Famine

Caused by three bad harvests; The British did little to help

"Blood and Iron"

Policy that combined diplomacy and military power to achieve unification

The Ottoman Empire

Known as the "Sick Man of Europe"

Giuseppi Mazzini

An Italian nationalist who called for unification

Venice and Rome

Joined Italy in 1866 and 1870

The Congress of Berlin

1878 meeting that saved the Ottoman Empire

Russification

Forcing non Russians in the empire to adopt the Russian culture

Otto von Bismarck

German Prime Minister who helped unify the country

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Workers will establish a society in which they control the means of production

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Critics of nationalism and capitalism

Pogroms

Attacks on Jewish areas caused many Jews to emigrate out of Russia

Nationalism

Association of people based on beliefs, ethnicity, religion - grew during the 19th century in Europe

Count Camillo di Cavour

became Prime Minister of Piedmont -
Defeated the Austrians and drove them out of N. Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist in the south -
Overthrew King of Naples

Kaiser

Emperor of Germany

Communist Manifesto

Contained the ideas of Karl Marx and Frederch Engels (1848)

Communism

Soviet leaders promoted the expansion

Western nations hoped to spread

democracy and capitalism

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

met at the Yalta Conference in 1944 to make plans for the post-war world; Agreed to divide Germany into 4 separate zones

Stalin

promised to hold free elections in his zone; did not keep his promise to hold free elections in Germany

Soviet army

set up puppet governments in Eastern Europe, headed by local communist

Soviet satellites

Eastern European "puppet" nations became

Winston Churchill

declared an "Iron Curtain" had descended on Europe

Eastern European governments were forced to adopt

communist economies and follow policies dictated by the Soviet Union

Political System: Citizens elect representatives and national leaders

Western Democracy

Political System: Soviet Communism

The Soviet Union was a dictatorship

Economic System: Soviet Communism

Private property was abolished

Western leaders began to fear that Stalin was another

Hitler

The United States was the only country powerful enough to resist

the Soviet Union

Many Americans wanted to reduce U.S. involvement in

World Affairs (isolation)

President Truman persuaded Americans to

take a more active role in world affairs

1947- Britain withdrew troops from

Greece

Truman announced that the United States would give aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent

a communist takeover

Truman Doctrine

United States aid to all free people who wanted to resist Communism

Non-aligned

Nations who received aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States

Containment

The United States would not try to overturn Communism where it already existed, but would take steps to prevent it from spreading further

Marshall Plan

Billions of dollars in aid were given to Western European nations in an effort to help them rebuild their war-torn economies

Goal of the Marshall Plan

to build future trading partners for the United States and to help Europeans resist Communism

1948

1948-Western Allies took steps to merge their zones of occupation in Germany
Soviets reacted by closing all highways and railroad links to Berlin

The Federal Republic of Germany

West Germany (Democratic)

German Democratic Republic (East

East Germany (Communist)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1949- The United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations formed it

1955- The Soviet Union responded to the formation of NATO by forming

Warsaw Pact with its Eastern European allies

North Korea

communist

South Korea

Non-communist

Domino Theory

The belief that if one nation falls to communism the rest will fall as well.