Cell Cycle, Cyclins, Stem Cells, and Mitosis

Stages of the Cell Cycle

Interphase, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis

Interphase Definition

Cell grows, carries out cellular functions and DNA replicates

Mitosis Definition

Cell’s nucleus and necular material divide

Cytokinesis Definition

Cytoplasym divides creating a new (daughter) cell

Stages of Interphase

G1, S, & G2

1st Stage of Interphase

G2

2nd Stage of Interphase

S

3rd Stage of Interphase

G2

G1

All about growth, carrying out normal cell functions, and replicating organelles

S

Coppying DNA

G2

It’s all about preperation for division of its nucleus, and centrioles mature and prepare for division

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

The remainder of the cell cycle is dedicated to the division of the nucleus (Mitosis or “M” followed by Cytokinesis or “C” the devision of the Cytoplasym).

Phases of Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telophase

Prophase

Chromatin tightens and condences, Sister Chromatids attach at centromere, Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasym and extend from the centrioles and attach to the sister chromatids, and nuclear envelope disappears.

Metaphase

Sister Chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus tward the equitorial plate (center of the cell) and they line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten, the Sister Chromatids seperate and move apart, and Chromosomes move twards the poles of the cell.

Telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax, Nuclear membranes begin to reappear as well as the nucleolus, and spindle fibers disassemble.

Cytokinesis

Starts as early as Anaphase, the cytoplasym cell membrane and wall all divide creating two identical daughter cells

What do animal cells use in Cytokinesis?

A Contractile Ring

What is a Contractile Ring

Special Proteins called Micro Fillaments that wrap around the cell like a belt and constrict, eventually pinching the cell into two cells

What do Plant Cells use in Cytokinesis?

They use cell plates (the new cell wall) that forms between the two cells. They are vesicles that come from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi

Histone

The protein that DNA wraps and coils around to create DNA

Chromosome

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the __nucleus__ of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Chromatin

The loose unwoven DNA that is loose in the Nucleus before it is turned into chromosomes for cell division.

What percent of the cells time is spent in INTERPHASE?

75-80%

What percent of the cells time is spent in MITOSIS?

15-20%

What percent of the cells time is spent in CYTOKINESIS?

5%

Cyclins and Cyclin dependent Kinases (CDK’s) (Enzymes)

Protiens that during cellurar growth and development, cyclins bind to CDK’s (cellular “Thumbs Up”) like a lock and key, enough “Thumbs Up’s” allows the cell to progress through the cell cycle

Normal Cells

Use built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle “do we have enough thumbs Ups”

What happens if the cell DOES have enough “Thumbs Ups”

The cell cycle can procede and happen as planned

What happens if the cell DOESN’T have enough “Thumbs Ups”

The cell can go into a non dividing state called G0 where it can remain for the rest of its life or it can go through Apoptosis if damage and or issues are extensive

Apoptosis

The programed command that a cell receives to destroy itself if it does not pass a checkpoint. It is a very controlled dismanteling of the cell and engulfing by an immune system cell.

Abnormal Cells

Known causes of Cancer

Mutation

Changes to or of the DNA is responsible for cancer (DNA contains blueprints for control of the cell cycle. Some cancers are inhereited from our parents.

Lifestyle

Certian lifestyles expose you to some carcinogens that can cause cancer

Carcinogen

A chemical known to cause cancer

Why are Cells so small?

The cells can diffuse waste and asorb nutrients easier if they are smaller.

How do Cyclins and CDK’s work?

They bind together during cell development and act as keys to help them advance to the next stage of growth.

Zygote

Totipotent, Can become any cell tissue for the placenta and fetus.

Blastula

Forms after fertilization, mass of cells in mamals, comes from donated embryos which causes ethical issues

Pluripotent

Can become any somatic (body) cell in the organism, this cell exists when the embryo is 3-5 days old

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can be programed to become andy type of cell (bone, muscle, brain, ect), may be used to grow tissues to treat diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsosn, Cancers, ect.

Three Types of Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells (ES)

Adult Stem Cells (AS)

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

What type of Stem Cells are EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?

Pluripotent

What type of Stem Cells are ADULT STEM CELLS?

Multipotent

What type of Stem Cells are INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS?

Pluripotent

Adult Stem Cells

Divide to repair/replace cells like bone, muscle, liver, ect., They are not pluripotent but research shows they can be reporgramed in some cases, Importiant in treating a disease/replacing tissue (body won’t reject it as it is from your own body

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Potentially any cell in our bodies - can be reprogramed to be a pluripotent stem cells (simillar to ES), huge discovery in research, less contriversal

Stem Cells are…

cells that have no job that are programed to be a certian cell with a certian job.

IPS Stem Cells are…

specalized cells that can be reprogramed to become pluripotent.

The Stem Cells that are the most limited are…

Multipotent or Adult Stem Cells.

Four sources of Adult Stem Cells are…

bone marrow, fat, the brain, & spinal fluid.

Oncology

The study of diagnosing and treating cancer

Oncologist

A person that diagnoses and treates cancer

Bening Tumor

* noncancerous tumor
* not likely to spread
* Slow growing
* Capsulated
* Cells look normal
* Divide 20-50 times before apoptosis

Malignant Tumor

* cancerous tumor
* has/is likely to spread-**metastasis**
* Fast growing
* Invasive
* Conducts **angiogenesis**
* Non capsulated
* Cells have large, dark nucleus-not normal looking
* “immortal” can divide indefinitley

Metastasis

When a tumor starts in one spot and then moved to another spot in the body

Angiogenesis

The growth of blood vessles in a tumor

Histologist

A person who studdies the microscopic structures of tissue

Histology

The study of microscopic structures of tissues

Four Possible Signs of Cancer

1)Multinucleated

2) Fat deposit (Liver Cells)

3) Change in general shape

4) Densely packed cells

Hyper

Many

dys

bad/difficult

plasia

cell formation

Hyperplasia

Many cells

Dysplasia

Many bad cells on top of one another

Five Cancer Categories

* Carcinoma
* Sarcoma
* Myeloma
* Leukemia
* Lymphoma

Carcinoma

80-90% of all cancer cases, a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue that covers the inside & outside surfaces ie mouth, kidney, other organs

What system do we use to determine if a mole is cancerous?

ABCDE

A

Asymmetry, Dwaw a line through your mole and it should be symetrical

B

Border, Edges are clean and not uneven

C

Color, the color of the mole should be all one or uniform in color (White and blue color is bad)

D

Diamiter, Should be smaller then an ereaser

E

Evolving, when mole changes in size, shape, color, or begins to bleed or scab this points to danger

Sarcoma

* supportive & connective tissues (bones, tendons, __cartilage__, __muscle__, fat) 
* Generally occurring in young adults
* Often develops as a painful __mass__ on the __bone__.
* Tumors resemble the tissue in which they grow

Myeloma

* Immune system cancer
* Cancer of __plasma__ cells 
* plasma cells produce some of the antibodies (proteins) in __blood__.
* Plasma cells are forms of WBC’s

Leukemia

* Immune system cancer
* "liquid cancers" or "blood cancers"
* cancers of the bone marrow (the __site__ of blood __cell__ production). 
* means "white blood" in Greek.


* Many forms

Lymphoma

* Immune system cancer
* develop in glands or nodes of  __lymphatic system__,
* network of vessels, nodes, and __spleen__, tonsils, and __thymus__ 
* System purifies fluids and produce infection-fighting white blood cells, or lymphocytes. 
* "solid cancers" 

What are some ways we diagnose cancer?

Ultrasound, MRI scan, CT scan, blood test, urinalysis, and Biopsy

Somatic Cells

* Pluripotent cells can become any one of these cells
* Mitosis is the reproduction of these cells
* body cells

Mutagen

Anything that causes a mutation

Metastasis

The development of secondary __malignant__ __growths__ at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

Angiogenesis

Develop new blood vessels

Formula for the surface area of a cube

L \* W

Formula for the volume of a cube

L \* W \* H

What is the relationship between the surface area and volume and diffusion?

As volume and surface area increase, the volume increases faster, so the object is able to diffuse slower as it increases due to the larger surface area and volume

Stage 0

* Abnormal cells are present, but have not spread to nearby tissue
* Also called carcinoma in SITU, or CIS (CIS is not cancer, but it may become cancer)

State 1-3

* Cancer is present
* The higher the number, the larger the cancer tumor and the more it has spreat to nearby tissues

Stage 4

* The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body